齐鲁文化与魏晋名士.pdf
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1、山东师范大学硕士学位论文齐鲁文化与魏晋名士姓名:宋雪春申请学位级别:硕士专业:中国古代史指导教师:王克奇20090515齐鲁文化与魏晋名士(中文摘要)齐鲁文化既是一个地域文化的概念,又是一个历史文化的概念,它是随着历史的发展和行政区化的变化而发展变化的。齐鲁文化的特质包括文化上的正统性、道德上的本位性、学术上的包容性和开放性。在先秦,齐鲁文化只是一种地域文化,进入秦汉,在政治大一统的背景下,齐鲁文化成为在中国传统文化中占主导地位的主流文化。但随着主流地位的确立,齐鲁文化自身发生了严重的变异,原本具有的原始人道精神和民主遗风丧失,实践理性被扭曲为政治功利主义,“君义臣忠”被片面地扭曲为对专制王权
2、绝对服从的奴性。进入魏晋时期,齐鲁文化所扮演的文化角色发生了重大的变化。玄学思潮的兴起表面上表现为对齐鲁文化精神的否定,它颠覆了文化的传统形象;但实际上却在“任性达情的行为方式下,表现出对齐鲁文化原始精神的回归。玄学实际上是用道家之真化儒学之伪,凭借自然的人性冲动以恢复儒学的本真。至此之后,齐鲁文化的存在和发展不再受齐鲁地域的限制,而仅仅作为一种精神文化,化为一种无所不在的历史传统,潜移默化地发挥着影响。魏晋时期,齐鲁士人所崇尚的理想人格与道德精神,在普遍的政治权力压迫下,逐渐走向了极端。这种理想主义的立场拒绝与世俗同流合污,因而常以一种传统的、来自经典的、理想的道德标准来要求自己,尽管采取的
3、是一种极端的另类的形式。正是在这种内涵和形式呈现出巨大反差的基础上,形成了一种特殊的文化群体或阶层,即名士团体。魏晋名士集团和名士文化的形成,是特定时代的产物。汉武帝的“独尊儒术是对汉初“布衣将相”之朴的纠正,但过分强调经学在仕进中的作用,导致了士人德行的退化。汉光武刘秀倡导“名节”是对偏重儒学政策的反动,但也造成了士人的雕饰伪善之风。玄风的兴起是对东汉末年社会风气的否定。东汉王朝的解体为思想自由的发展提供了契机,人们的思想一旦冲破僵化的牢笼便焕发出生命的青春,因而沉重的叹息孕育着愤怒的反抗便显现出来。魏晋是一个儒学式微、名教崩溃、庄老盛行的时代。魏晋士人在心理上处于一个两难境地,纲常名教是社
4、会秩序的根本,任性达情是人性本能的追求。如何调和二者的矛盾,成为不可回避的时代主题。所以玄学所要解决的根本问题,是自然与名教的关系。魏晋名士以建安七子、正始名士、竹林七贤以及琅琊王氏家族为代表,他们的言行具有典型的时代特征。就其群体性格而言,他们都具有典型的双重人格特征:以儒家的纲常名教为价值取向和以老庄的自然本色为行为方式。建安七子之孔融、徐干,竹林七贤中之阮籍、嵇康是其中的言行激烈者。魏晋名士在行为上崇尚老庄的自然放达,表面上以极端的行为、言论来批判儒家思想和名教,实际上却是对传统齐鲁文化的恪守。痛之切源于爱之深,“叛经离道”的他们,内心是极其痛苦不堪的。如果说建安七子和竹林七贤的思想特色
5、着重于形式的反叛和内涵的批判,那么从正始名士和琅琊王氏家族开始,文化正统的重建成为他们的着力点。这昭示着援道入儒、儒道佛合流是魏晋时期思想发展的必然趋势。本文试从这些角度来探讨以儒家思想为核心的齐鲁文化在魏晋名士身上体现的深刻烙印,并且这个方面来说明齐鲁文化与魏晋名士之间的深层次的思想联系。2【关键词】齐鲁文化;魏晋名士;建安七子;竹林七贤;正始名士;琅琊王氏【分类号】K235Qi lu cul tural celebri t i es and WeiJin Dynasti es(Abstract)Qilu culture is not only a regional conception b
6、ut also a historical notionThecharacters of Qilu culture include cultural orthodox,ethical standard,academicannexation and openAt preQin period,Qilu culture only a regional one,when itcattle to QinHart period,Qilu culture became to the main culture ofChineseconventional cultural system under the pol
7、itical unionBut with the establishment ofmain trend,Qilu culture itself is on the way to abnormal seriously,the originalhumanitarianism and democratic fights were lost,practical ration were distorted topolitical material gains,monarch humanity and subordinates loyalties,were twistedto absolute obey
8、of autocracyWhen it came to WeiJin dynasties,the concepts andcontents of Qilu culture varied dramaticallyThe prevalence of thoughts of Taoismnegated Qilu culture superficially,it overturned the traditional image ofthe culture;but as the matter of fact,it indicated the return of the real concepts of
9、Qilu cultureunder the behaviors of“capricious consciousness”Taoism removed the false aspectsofConfucian in terms ofthe genuine ofTaoismForm that on,the existence anddevelopment of Qilu culture were not limited by region any more,but as a kind ofspiritual culture,it became omnipresent convention whic
10、h played an important role inour histoJyIn the period of Wei-Jin dynasties,the ideal personality and ethical spiritwhich believed by celebrities of Qilu area were turn to extremeThis ideal viewpointdenied common custom,therefore,it usually used a kind of traditional and idealethical standard to requ
11、ire themselves,though it adopted some extreme andextraordinary methodsIt was on the base of concepts that produced a type of specialcultural group-celebritiesThe appearance of Wei-Jin celebrity group and celebrity culture was the result ofcertain periodThe conception ofHonor Confucian onlyofHanwudi
12、was therectification of“common people noble official”in the early age ofHan dynasty,butthe excessive effects of Confucian classic came to the degeneration of scholarsIn theearly age ofEast Han period,Guangwudi Liuxiu proposedmingjie”,which wasreaction to excessive policy of confucian,as a result it
13、turned to pretending ofscholarsThe prevalence of Taoism was the opposition to social custom in the end ofEast Hart dynastyThe fall ofEast Han dynasty gave a good choice ofthe freedevelopment ofideologyPeoples thoughts once broke to a deadlock ofthe youth ofthe cage then shining life,as a result to c
14、onceive with sigh to cut up roll曲ofresistance,The period of WeiJin dynasties was all age of faint of Confucianism andprevalence of Zhuang TaoismThe celebrities of Wei-Jin dynasties were in anawkward situation,Confucianism was the basic thing of socM order,capriciousconsciousness was the instinct cha
15、seHow to harmonize the two conceptions wasbecoming the main problem ofthat periodSo the critical problem which Taoismintending to resolve was the relationship ofNatural and ConfucianismThe celebritiesofWeiJin were including Jianan seven eminences and Zhengshi wellknownscholars,Bamboo grove seven emi
16、nences and Wang family of Langya areaKongrong,Xugan who was from Jianan seven eminences and Jikang,Ruanji whowas from Bamboo grove seven eminences were the extreme behaviorsAt that periodit had the representative and typical sensesThey behaved extreme behaviorssuperficially,talked fierce speeches to
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- 齐鲁 文化 魏晋 名士