沙石原料项目经营分析报告(项目总结分析).docx
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1、London and Philadelphia ANDERS GRATH International Trade and Finance The Complete Guide to Risk Management, International Payments and Currency Management, Bonds and Guarantees, Credit Insurance and Trade Finance THE HANDBOOK OF CGT Intl Trade Finance TP:Layout 1 30/4/08 12:54 Page 1 Publishers note
2、 Every possible effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this book is accurate at the time of going to press, and the publishers and authors cannot accept responsibility for any errors or omissions, however caused. No responsibility for loss or damage occasioned to any person
3、 acting, or refraining from action, as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by the editor, the publisher or any of the authors. First published in Great Britain in 2005 by Nordia Publishing Ltd for The Institute of Export as International Trade Finance Published in Great Brit
4、ain and the United States in 2008 by Kogan Page Limited as The Handbook of International Trade and Finance Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be r
5、eproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licences issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the
6、publishers at the undermentioned addresses: 120 Pentonville Road 525 South 4th Street, #241 London N1 9JN Philadelphia PA 19147 United Kingdom USA Anders Grath, 2005, 2008 The right of Anders Grath to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright
7、, Designs and Patents Act 1988. ISBN 978 0 7494 5320 6 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Grath, Anders, 1943 The handbook of international trade and fi nance : the compl
8、ete guide to risk management, bonds and guarantees, credit insurance and trade fi nance / Anders Grath. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-7494-5320-6 1. International trade. 2. International fi nance. I. Title. HF1379.G725 2008 382 dc22 2008010589 Typeset by JS Typesetting Ltd, Porthcawl, Mid Glamor
9、gan Printed and bound in Great Britain by Bell on the other hand, the basic aspects of international trade, payments and fi nance are almost the same all over the world, and that is the foundation for this new handbook. There is great advantage in being able to combine this basic description with nu
10、merous references to places where country-specifi c information in a number of areas can be found. This information is readily available from internet sites from a variety of domestic institutions in most countries. Therefore it has been possible to create a situation where this book provides the fo
11、undation but readers from all over the world can add all the detailed and country-specifi c information they require. There is another big advantage in such an approach, namely that the basics of this handbook should be relatively stable over time, whereas detailed information from local and domesti
12、c institutions will certainly change over time; however, these changes will be constantly communicated through local internet services. Even though new editions have been published in different countries over the years, they have all been based on the same concept: their practical nature. They conta
13、in no theoretical elements, just information based on the authors almost 30 years of payment and fi nance experience gained from managerial positions as head of international departments in a number of European banks. Those in such positions are necessarily involved in thousands of trade transaction
14、s each year, and the advice and comments given in this book are based on that experience. viii The HANDBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND FINANCE _ I am very pleased with this new international edition now published by Kogan Page, and feel confi dent that it will become the reference handbook of choice
15、 in numerous countries around the world, for many years to come. It will certainly be of signifi cant benefi t to all international traders in the daily work of expanding their businesses or when entering new global markets, but the book will equally be used in trade education and within the interna
16、tional departments of commercial banks and other trade-related institutions around the world. Acknowledgements/ Disclaimer The author would like to thank the companies, banks and other institutions that have contributed with support, advice and comments when creating this book; however, the author i
17、s solely responsible for the views, illustrations and recommendations expressed. While every care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of this work, no responsi- bility for loss occasioned to any person or company acting or refraining from action as a result of any statement in it can be accepted b
18、y the author or publisher. THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK x Introduction An international trade transaction, no matter how straightforward it may seem at the start, is not completed until delivery has taken place, any other obligations have been fulfi lled and the seller has received payment. Th
19、is may seem obvious; however, even seemingly simple transactions can, and sometimes do, go wrong. There are many reasons why these things happen, but behind them all is the basic fact that the risk assessment of the transaction and/or the way these risks were covered went wrong. An example is the ri
20、sk assessment of the customer, where exporters do not always fully realize that the larger countries may be divided into regions, often with different cultures, trade patterns and practices. In many countries, signed contracts are sometimes considered to be merely letters of intent, particularly if
21、they have not been countersigned by a senior authorizing manager. Or it may be that the seller has agreed to terms that were previously used but are not suitable in a new situation. Another reason may be that the parties simply did not use the same terminology or did not focus on the details of the
22、agreed terms of payment. This would inevitably lead to undefi ned terms, which are potentially subject to future disputes, something that would perhaps not be revealed until delivery has been made when the seller is in a weaker bargaining position. Even though such errors seldom lead to non-payment,
23、 it is more likely that they will lead to delays in payment, possibly with an increased commercial and/or political risk as a consequence. Another common consequence of unclear or undefi ned terms of payment is that the seller may have outstanding claims on the buyer; or that the buyer is of the sam
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