1、SELECTED WORKS OF MAO TSE-TUNG Volume I SELECTED WORKS OF MAO TSE-TUNG Volume I FROM MARX TO MAO ? NOT FOR COMMERCIAL DISTRIBUTION WORKERS OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE ! From Marx to Mao M L Digital Reprints 2006 / 2007 First EditionAugust 1965 The present volume is an English translation of the second C
2、hinese edition of the first volume of the Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, published by the Peoples Publishing House, Peking, in April 1960. Printed in the Peoples Republic of China SELECTED WORKS OF MAO TSE-TUNG Volume I FOREIGN LANGUAGES PRESS PEKING 1965 FROM MARX TO MAO ? NOT FOR COMMERCIAL DISTR
3、IBUTION SELECTED WORKS OF MAO TSE-TUNG Volume I F O R E I G N L A N G U A G E S P R E S S P E K I N G 1 9 6 7 First EditionAugust 1965 The present volume is an English translation of the second Chinese edition of the first volume of the Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, published by the Peoples Publis
4、hing House, Peking, in April 1960. Printed in the Peoples Republic of China PUBLICATION NOTE This edition of the Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung includes important articles he wrote in the different periods of the Chinese revolution. A number of Chinese editions of his works have appeared in various
5、places, but none of them had been gone over by the author; their arrangement was haphazard, there were errors in the text, and certain important writings were omitted. The contents of the present edition are arranged in chronological order and according to the main periods in the history of the Comm
6、unist Party of China since its foundation in 1921. The present edition includes a number of im- portant writings not included in the earlier editions. The author has read all the articles, made certain verbal changes and, in isolated cases, revised the text. The following points need to be made clea
7、r in connection with the publication: 1.The present selection remains incomplete. As revolutionary records were destroyed by the Kuomintang reactionaries or dispersed and lost over the long years of war, we cannot collect all the writings of Comrade Mao Tse-tung, and particularly his numerous letter
8、s and telegrams which form a considerable part of his writings. 2.Some articles which have been widely circulated (e.g., Rural Surveys) were omitted in compliance with the authors wishes, and for the same reason only Chapter 1 of Economic and Financial Problems (“A Basic Summing-Up of Our Past Work”
9、) was included. 3.Explanatory notes are added to this selection. Some explain- ing the titles are placed at the bottom of the first page of each article, while the rest, political or otherwise, come at the end of each article. 4.The present Chinese edition is available in a single volume or in a set
10、 of four volumes. The first volume of the set covers the periods of the First Revolutionary Civil War (1924-27) and of the 5 6MAO TSE-TUNG Second Revolutionary Civil War (1927-37); the second and third volumes cover the period of the War of Resistance Against Japan (1937-45); and the fourth volume c
11、overs that of the Third Revolu- tionary Civil War (1945-49). Committee for the Publication of the Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, Central Committee of the Communist Party of China August 25, 1951 FROM MARX TO MAO ? NOT FOR COMMERCIAL DISTRIBUTION CONTENTS THE FIRST REVOLUTIONARY CIVIL WAR PERIOD ANA
12、LYSIS OF THE CLASSES IN CHINESE SOCIETY13 REPORT ON AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PEASANT MOVEMENT IN HUNAN23 The Importance of the Peasant Problem23 Get Organized24 Down with the Local Tyrants and Evil Gentry! All Power to the Peasant Associations!25 “Its Terrible!” or “Its Fine!”26 The Question of “Goin
13、g Too Far”27 The “Movement of the Riffraff”29 Vanguards of the Revolution30 Fourteen Great Achievements34 1.Organizing the Peasants into Peasant Associations34 2.Hitting the Landlords Politically35 3.Hitting the Landlords Economically39 4.Overthrowing the Feudal Rule of the Local Tyrants and Evil Ge
14、ntry Smashing the Tu and Tuan40 5.Overthrowing the Armed Forces of the Landlords and Establishing Those of the Peasants41 6.Overthrowing the Political Power of the County Magistrate and His Bailiffs42 7.Overthrowing the Clan Authority of the Ancestral Temples and Clan Elders, the Religious Authority
15、 of the Town and Village Gods, and the Masculine Authority of Husbands44 8.Spreading Political Propaganda47 9.Peasant Bans and Prohibitions49 10.Eliminating Banditry52 11.Abolishing Exorbitance Levies53 12.The Movement for Education53 13.The Co-operative Movement54 14.Building Roads and Repairing Em
16、bankments55 7 8MAO TSE-TUNG THE SECOND REVOLUTIONARY CIVIL WAR PERIOD WHY IS IT THAT RED POLITICAL POWER CAN EXIST IN CHINA?63 I.The Internal Political Situation63 II.Reasons for the Emergence and Survival of Red Political Power in China64 III.The Independent Regime in the Hunan-Kiangsi Border Area
17、and the August Defeat67 IV.The Role of the Independent Regime of the Hunan-Kiangsi Border Area in Hunan, Hupeh and Kiangsi68 V.Economic Problems69 VI.The Problem of Military Bases70 THE STRUGGLE IN THE CHINGKANG MOUNTAINS73 The Independent Regime in the Hunan-Kiangsi Border Area and the August Defea
18、t73 The Current Situation in the Area Under the Independent Regime79 Military Questions80 Land Questions87 Questions of Political Power90 Questions of Party Organization92 The Question of the Character of the Revolution97 The Question of the Location of Our Independent Regime99 ON CORRECTING MISTAKE
19、N IDEAS IN THE PARTY105 On the Purely Military Viewpoint105 On Ultra-Democracy108 On the Disregard of Organizational Discipline109 On Absolute Equalitarianism110 On Subjectivism111 On Individualism112 On the Ideology of Roving Rebel Bands114 On the Remnants of Putschism114 A SINGLE SPARK CAN START A
20、 PRAIRIE FIRE117 PAY ATTENTION TO ECONOMIC WORK129 HOW TO DIFFERENTIATE THE CLASSES IN THE RURAL AREAS137 9CONTENTS OUR ECONOMIC POLICY141 BE CONCERNED WITH THE WELL-BEING OF THE MASSES, PAY ATTENTION TO METHODS OF WORK147 ON TACTICS AGAINST JAPANESE IMPERIALISM153 The Characteristics of the Present
21、 Political Situation153 The National United Front162 The Peoples Republic165 International Support170 PROBLEMS OF STRATEGY IN CHINAS REVOLUTIONARY WAR179 Chapter I How to Study War179 1.The Laws of War are Developmental179 2.The Aim of War Is to Eliminate War182 3.Strategy Is the Study of the Laws o
22、f a War Situation as a Whole183 4.The Important Thing Is to Be Good at Learning186 Chapter II The Chinese Communist Party and Chinas Revolutionary War191 Chapter III Characteristics of Chinas Revolutionary War194 1.The Importance of the Subject194 2.What Are the Characteristics of Chinas Revolutiona
23、ry War?196 3.Our Strategy and Tactics Ensuing from These Characteristics199 Chapter IV “Encirclement and Suppression” and Counter-Campaigns Against It the Main Pattern of Chinas Civil War200 Chapter V The Strategic Defensive205 1.Active and Passive Defense205 2.Preparations for Combating “Encircleme
24、nt and Suppression” Campaigns208 3.Strategic Retreat211 4.Strategic Counter-Offensive223 5.Starting the Counter-Offensive225 6.Concentration of Troops233 7.Mobile Warfare239 8.War of Quick Decision244 9.War of Annihilation248 A STATEMENT ON CHIANG KAI-SHEKS STATEMENT255 10MAO TSE-TUNG THE TASKS OF T
25、HE CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY IN THE PERIOD OF RESISTANCE TO JAPAN263 The Present Stage of Development of Chinas External and Internal Contradictions263 The Struggle for Democracy and Freedom267 Our Responsibility to Lead273 WIN THE MASSES IN THEIR MILLIONS FOR THE ANTI-JAPANESE NATIONAL UNITED FRONT28
26、5 The Question of Peace285 The Question of Democracy288 The Question of the Future of the Revolution290 The Question of Cadres291 The Question of Democracy Within the Party292 Unity in the Conference and in the Whole Party292 Win the Masses in Their Millions for the Anti-Japanese National United Fro
27、nt292 ON PRACTICE295 ON CONTRADICTION311 I.The Two World Outlooks311 II.The Universality of Contradiction315 III.The Particularity of Contradiction319 IV.The Principle Contradiction and the Principle Aspect of a Contradiction331 V.The Identity and Struggle of the Aspects of a Contradiction337 VI.The
28、 Place of Antagonism in Contradiction343 VI.Conclusion345 THE FIRST REVOLUTIONARY CIVIL WAR PERIOD ANALYSIS OF THE CLASSES IN CHINESE SOCIETY March !( Who are our enemies? Who are our friends? This is a question of the first importance for the revolution. The basic reason why all previous revolution
29、ary struggles in China achieved so little was their failure to unite with real friends in order to attack real enemies. A revolutionary party is the guide of the masses, and no revolution ever succeeds when the revolutionary party leads them astray. To ensure that we will definitely achieve success
30、in our revolution and will not lead the masses astray, we must pay attention to uniting with our real friends in order to attack our real enemies. To distinguish real friends from real enemies, we must make a general analysis of the economic status of the various classes in Chinese society and of th
31、eir respective attitudes towards the revolution. What is the condition of each of the classes in Chinese society? The landlord class and the comprador class.1 In economically back- ward and semi-colonial China the landlord class and the comprador class are wholly appendages of the international bour
32、geoisie, depend- ing upon imperialism for their survival and growth. These classes represent the most backward and most reactionary relations of pro- duction in China and hinder the development of the productive forces. Their existence is utterly incompatible with the aims of the Chinese revolution.
33、 The big landlord and big comprador classes in particular always side with imperialism and constitute an extreme counter- This article was written by Comrade Mao Tse-tung to combat two devia- tions then to be found in the Party. The exponents of the first deviation, represented by Chen Tu-hsiu, were
34、 concerned only with co-operation with the Kuomintang and forgot about the peasants; this was Right opportunism. The exponents of the second deviation, represented by Chang Kuo-tao, were concerned only with the labour movement, and likewise forgot about the peasants; this was “Left” opportunism. Bot
35、h were aware that their own strength was inadequate, but 13 14MAO TSE-TUNG revolutionary group. Their political representatives are the tatistes2 and the right-wing of the Kuomintang. The middle bourgeoisie. This class represents the capitalist rela- tions of production in China in town and country.
36、 The middle bourgeoisie, by which is meant chiefly the national bourgeoisie,3 is inconsistent in its attitude towards the Chinese revolution: they feel the need for revolution and favour the revolutionary movement against imperialism and the warlords when they are smarting under the blows of foreign
37、 capital and the oppression of the warlords, but become suspicious of the revolution when they sense that, with the militant participation of the proletariat at home and the active support of the international proletariat abroad, the revolution is threatening the hope of their class to attain the st
38、atus of a big bour- geoisie. Politically, they stand for the establishment of a state under the rule of a single class, the national bourgeoisie. A self-styled true disciple of Tai Chi-tao4 wrote in the Chen Pao,5 Peking, “Raise your left fist to knock down the imperialists and your right to knock d
39、own the Communists.” These words depict the dilemma and anxiety of this class. It is against interpreting the Kuomintangs Principle of the Peoples Livelihood according to the theory of class struggle, and it opposes the Kuomintangs alliance with Russia and the admission of Communists6 and left-winge
40、rs. But its attempt to establish a state under the rule of the national bourgeoisie is quite impracticable, be- cause the present world situation is such that the two major forces, revolution and counter-revolution, are locked in final struggle. Each has hoisted a huge banner: one is the red banner
41、of revolution held aloft by the Third International as the rallying point for all the op- pressed classes of the world, the other is the white banner of counter- revolution held aloft by the League of Nations as the rallying point for all the counter-revolutionaries of the world. The intermediate cl
42、asses are bound to disintegrate quickly, some sections turning left to join the revolution, others turning right to join the counter-revolu- tion; there is no room for them to remain “independent”. Therefore neither of them knew where to seek reinforcements or where to obtain allies on a mass scale.
43、 Comrade Mao Tse-tung pointed out that the peasantry was the staunchest and numerically the largest ally of the Chinese proletariat, and thus solved the problem of who was the chief ally in the Chinese revolution. Moreover, he saw that the national bourgeoisie was a vacillating class and predicted t
44、hat it would disintegrate during the upsurge of the revolution, with its right-wing going over to the side of imperialism. This was borne out by the events of 1927. 15ANALYSIS OF THE CLASSES IN CHINESE SOCIETY the idea cherished by Chinas middle bourgeoisie of an “independent” revolution in which it
45、 would play the primary role is a mere illusion. The petty bourgeoisie. Included in this category are the owner- peasants,7 the master handicraftsmen, the lower levels of the intel- lectuals students, primary and secondary school teachers, lower government functionaries, office clerks, small lawyers
46、 and the small traders. Both because of its size and class character, this class deserves very close attention. The owner-peasants and the master handicrafts- men are both engaged in small-scale production. Although all strata of this class have the same petty-bourgeois economic status, they fall in
47、to three different sections. The first section consists of those who have some surplus money or grain, that is, those who, by manual or mental labour, earn more each year than they consume for their own support. Such people very much want to get rich and are devout worshippers of Marshal Chao;8 whil
48、e they have no illusions about amassing great fortunes, they invariably desire to climb up into the middle bourgeoisie. Their mouths water copiously when they see the respect in which those small moneybags are held. People of this sort are timid, afraid of government officials, and also a little afr
49、aid of the revolution. Since they are quite close to the middle bourgeoisie in economic status, they have a lot of faith in its propaganda and are suspicious of the revolution. This section is a minority among the petty bourgeoisie and constitutes its right-wing. The second section consists of those who in the main are economically self- supporting. They are quite different from the people in the first section; they also want to get rich, but Marshal Chao never lets them. In recent years, moreov
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