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国开《个人与团队管理》形考任务汇总题库.docx

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国开《个人与团队管理》形考任务汇总题库.docx

1、 第1页 中考数学复习资料中考数学复习资料 第一章第一章 实数实数 考点一、实数的概念及分类考点一、实数的概念及分类 (3分)分) 1、实数的分类 有理数 零 有限小数和无限循环小数 实数 负有理数 正无理数 无理数 无限不循环小数 负无理数 2、无理数 (1)开方开不尽的数,如等; (2)有特定意义的数,如圆周率 ,或化简后含有 的数,如+8 等; (3)有特定结构的数,如 0.1010010001等; (4)某些三角函数,如 sin60o等 考点二、实数的倒数、相反数和绝对值考点二、实数的倒数、相反数和绝对值 (3分)分) 1、相反数 实数与它的相反数时一对数(只有符号不同的两个数叫做互为

2、相反数,零的相反数是零) ,从数轴上看,互为 相反数的两个数所对应的点关于原点对称,如果 a 与 b 互为相反数,则有 a+b=0,a=b,反之亦成立。 2、绝对值 一个数的绝对值就是表示这个数的点与原点的距离, |a|0。 零的绝对值时它本身, 也可看成它的相反数, 若|a|=a, 则 a0;若|a|=-a,则 a0。正数大于零,负数小于零,正数大于一切负数,两个负数,绝对值大的反而小。 3、倒数 如果 a 与 b 互为倒数,则有 ab=1,反之亦成立。倒数等于本身的数是 1 和-1。零没有倒数。 考点三、平方根、算数平方根和立方根考点三、平方根、算数平方根和立方根 (310分)分) 1、平

3、方根 如果一个数的平方等于 a,那么这个数就叫做 a 的平方根(或二次方跟) 。 一个数有两个平方根,他们互为相反数;零的平方根是零;负数没有平方根。 正数 a 的平方根记做“” 。 2、算术平方根 正数 a 的正的平方根叫做 a 的算术平方根,记作“” 。 正数和零的算术平方根都只有一个,零的算术平方根是零。 (0) ;注意的双重非负性: -(-,0baba=-baba baba baba 22 abba+=+ )()(cbacba+=+ baab = )()(bcacab= acabcba+=+ )( ba 2 3 1 4- ba 2 3 13 -cba 23 5- 第3页 单项式和多项式

4、统称整式。 用数值代替代数式中的字母,按照代数式指明的运算,计算出结果,叫做代数式的值。 注意: (1)求代数式的值,一般是先将代数式化简,然后再将字母的取值代入。 (2)求代数式的值,有时求不出其字母的值,需要利用技巧, “整体”代入。 2、同类项 所有字母相同,并且相同字母的指数也分别相同的项叫做同类项。几个常数项也是同类项。 3、去括号法则 (1)括号前是“+” ,把括号和它前面的“+”号一起去掉,括号里各项都不变号。 (2)括号前是“” ,把括号和它前面的“”号一起去掉,括号里各项都变号。 4、整式的运算法则 整式的加减法: (1)去括号; (2)合并同类项。 整式的乘法: 整式的除法

5、: 注意: (1)单项式乘单项式的结果仍然是单项式。 (2)单项式与多项式相乘,结果是一个多项式,其项数与因式中多项式的项数相同。 (3)计算时要注意符号问题,多项式的每一项都包括它前面的符号,同时还要注意单项式的符号。 (4)多项式与多项式相乘的展开式中,有同类项的要合并同类项。 (5)公式中的字母可以表示数,也可以表示单项式或多项式。 (6) (7)多项式除以单项式,先把这个多项式的每一项除以这个单项式,再把所得的商相加,单项式除以多 项式是不能这么计算的。 考点三、因式分解考点三、因式分解 (11分)分) 1、因式分解 把一个多项式化成几个整式的积的形式,叫做把这个多项式因式分解,也叫做

6、把这个多项式分解因式。 2、因式分解的常用方法 (1)提公因式法: (2)运用公式法: (3)分组分解法: (4)十字相乘法: 3、因式分解的一般步骤: (1)如果多项式的各项有公因式,那么先提取公因式。 (2)在各项提出公因式以后或各项没有公因式的情况下,观察多项式的项数:2 项式可以尝试运用公式法分 解因式;3 项式可以尝试运用公式法、十字相乘法分解因式;4 项式及 4 项式以上的可以尝试分组分解法分解因式 (3)分解因式必须分解到每一个因式都不能再分解为止。 考点四、分式考点四、分式 (810分)分) 1、分式的概念 ),(都是正整数nmaaa nmnm+ = ),(都是正整数)(nma

7、a mnnm =)()(都是正整数nbaab nnn = 22 )(bababa-=-+ 222 2)(bababa+=+ 222 2)(bababa+-=- )0,(= - anmaaa nmnm 都是正整数 ), 0( 1 );0( 1 0 为正整数pa a aaa p p = - )(cbaacab+=+ )( 22 bababa-+=- 222 )(2bababa+=+ 222 )(2bababa-=+- )()()(dcbadcbdcabdbcadac+=+=+ )()( 2 qapapqaqpa+=+ 第4页 一般地,用 A、B 表示两个整式,AB 就可以表示成的形式,如果 B 中

8、含有字母,式子就叫做分式。 其中,A 叫做分式的分子,B 叫做分式的分母。分式和整式通称为有理式。 2、分式的性质 (1)分式的基本性质: 分式的分子和分母都乘以(或除以)同一个不等于零的整式,分式的值不变。 (2)分式的变号法则: 分式的分子、分母与分式本身的符号,改变其中任何两个,分式的值不变。 3、分式的运算法则 考点五、二次根式考点五、二次根式 (初中数学基础,分值很大)(初中数学基础,分值很大) 1、二次根式 式子叫做二次根式,二次根式必须满足:含有二次根号“” ;被开方数 a 必须是非负数。 2、最简二次根式 若二次根式满足:被开方数的因数是整数,因式是整式;被开方数中不含能开得尽

9、方的因数或因式,这样的二 次根式叫做最简二次根式。 化二次根式为最简二次根式的方法和步骤: (1 用分母有理化进行化简。 (2)如果被开方数是整数或整式,先将他们分解因数或因式,然后把能开得尽方的因数或因式开出来。 3、同类二次根式 几个二次根式化成最简二次根式以后,如果被开方数相同,这几个二次根式叫做同类二次根式。 4、二次根式的性质 (1) (2) (3) (4) 5、二次根式混合运算 二次根式的混合运算与实数中的运算顺序一样,先乘方,再乘除,最后加减,有括号的先算括号里的(或先去 括号) 。 第三章第三章 方程(组)方程(组) 考点一、一元一次方程的概念考点一、一元一次方程的概念 (6分

10、)分) 1、方程:含有未知数的等式叫做方程。 2、方程的解:能使方程两边相等的未知数的值叫做方程的解。 3、等式的性质 (1)等式的两边都加上(或减去)同一个数或同一个整式,所得结果仍是等式。 (2)等式的两边都乘以(或除以)同一个数(除数不能是零) ,所得结果仍是等式。 4、一元一次方程 B A B A ; bc ad c d b a d c b a bd ac d c b a =);()(为整数n b a b a n n n =; c ba c b c a = bd bcad d c b a = )0( aa )0()( 2 =aaa )0( aa = aa 2 )0( yx0, 00 b

11、0 y 0 x 图像经过一、二、三象限,y 随 x 的增大而增大。 b0 时,抛物线开口向上 0 时,图像与 x 轴有两个交点; 当=0 时,图像与 x 轴有一个交点; 当R+r 两圆外切d=R+r 两圆相交R-rBC) ,并且使 AC 是 AB 和 BC 的比例中项,叫做把线段 AB 黄金分 割,点 C 叫做线段 AB 的黄金分割点,其中 AC=AB0.618AB 考点二、平行线分线段成比例定理考点二、平行线分线段成比例定理 (35分)分) 三条平行线截两条直线,所得的对应线段成比例。 推论: (1)平行于三角形一边的直线截其他两边(或两边的延长线) ,所得的对应线段成比例。 逆定理:如果一

12、条直线截三角形的两边(或两边的延长线)所得的对应线段成比例,那么这条直线平行于三角 形的第三边。 (2)平行于三角形一边且和其他两边相交的直线截得的三角形的三边与原三角形的三边对应成比例。 考点三、相似三角形考点三、相似三角形 (38分)分) 1、相似三角形的概念 对应角相等,对应边成比例的三角形叫做相似三角形。相似用符号“”来表示,读作“相似于” 。相似三角 形对应边的比叫做相似比(或相似系数) 。 2、相似三角形的基本定理 平行于三角形一边的直线和其他两边(或两边的延长线)相交,所构成的三角形与原三角形相似。 用数学语言表述如下: DEBC,ADEABC 相似三角形的等价关系: (1)反身

13、性:对于任一ABC,都有ABCABC; (2)对称性:若ABCABC,则ABCABC (3)传递性:若ABCABC,并且ABCABC,则ABCABC。 3、三角形相似的判定 acb = 2 d b c a = = d c b a a c b d = a b c d = c d a b SELECTED WORKS OF MAO TSE-TUNG Volume I SELECTED WORKS OF MAO TSE-TUNG Volume I FROM MARX TO MAO ? NOT FOR COMMERCIAL DISTRIBUTION WORKERS OF ALL COUNTRIES,

14、UNITE ! From Marx to Mao M L Digital Reprints 2006 / 2007 First EditionAugust 1965 The present volume is an English translation of the second Chinese edition of the first volume of the Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, published by the Peoples Publishing House, Peking, in April 1960. Printed in the Pe

15、oples Republic of China SELECTED WORKS OF MAO TSE-TUNG Volume I FOREIGN LANGUAGES PRESS PEKING 1965 FROM MARX TO MAO ? NOT FOR COMMERCIAL DISTRIBUTION SELECTED WORKS OF MAO TSE-TUNG Volume I F O R E I G N L A N G U A G E S P R E S S P E K I N G 1 9 6 7 First EditionAugust 1965 The present volume is

16、an English translation of the second Chinese edition of the first volume of the Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, published by the Peoples Publishing House, Peking, in April 1960. Printed in the Peoples Republic of China PUBLICATION NOTE This edition of the Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung includes impo

17、rtant articles he wrote in the different periods of the Chinese revolution. A number of Chinese editions of his works have appeared in various places, but none of them had been gone over by the author; their arrangement was haphazard, there were errors in the text, and certain important writings wer

18、e omitted. The contents of the present edition are arranged in chronological order and according to the main periods in the history of the Communist Party of China since its foundation in 1921. The present edition includes a number of im- portant writings not included in the earlier editions. The au

19、thor has read all the articles, made certain verbal changes and, in isolated cases, revised the text. The following points need to be made clear in connection with the publication: 1.The present selection remains incomplete. As revolutionary records were destroyed by the Kuomintang reactionaries or

20、dispersed and lost over the long years of war, we cannot collect all the writings of Comrade Mao Tse-tung, and particularly his numerous letters and telegrams which form a considerable part of his writings. 2.Some articles which have been widely circulated (e.g., Rural Surveys) were omitted in compl

21、iance with the authors wishes, and for the same reason only Chapter 1 of Economic and Financial Problems (“A Basic Summing-Up of Our Past Work”) was included. 3.Explanatory notes are added to this selection. Some explain- ing the titles are placed at the bottom of the first page of each article, whi

22、le the rest, political or otherwise, come at the end of each article. 4.The present Chinese edition is available in a single volume or in a set of four volumes. The first volume of the set covers the periods of the First Revolutionary Civil War (1924-27) and of the 5 6MAO TSE-TUNG Second Revolutiona

23、ry Civil War (1927-37); the second and third volumes cover the period of the War of Resistance Against Japan (1937-45); and the fourth volume covers that of the Third Revolu- tionary Civil War (1945-49). Committee for the Publication of the Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, Central Committee of the Co

24、mmunist Party of China August 25, 1951 FROM MARX TO MAO ? NOT FOR COMMERCIAL DISTRIBUTION CONTENTS THE FIRST REVOLUTIONARY CIVIL WAR PERIOD ANALYSIS OF THE CLASSES IN CHINESE SOCIETY13 REPORT ON AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PEASANT MOVEMENT IN HUNAN23 The Importance of the Peasant Problem23 Get Organized

25、24 Down with the Local Tyrants and Evil Gentry! All Power to the Peasant Associations!25 “Its Terrible!” or “Its Fine!”26 The Question of “Going Too Far”27 The “Movement of the Riffraff”29 Vanguards of the Revolution30 Fourteen Great Achievements34 1.Organizing the Peasants into Peasant Associations

26、34 2.Hitting the Landlords Politically35 3.Hitting the Landlords Economically39 4.Overthrowing the Feudal Rule of the Local Tyrants and Evil Gentry Smashing the Tu and Tuan40 5.Overthrowing the Armed Forces of the Landlords and Establishing Those of the Peasants41 6.Overthrowing the Political Power

27、of the County Magistrate and His Bailiffs42 7.Overthrowing the Clan Authority of the Ancestral Temples and Clan Elders, the Religious Authority of the Town and Village Gods, and the Masculine Authority of Husbands44 8.Spreading Political Propaganda47 9.Peasant Bans and Prohibitions49 10.Eliminating

28、Banditry52 11.Abolishing Exorbitance Levies53 12.The Movement for Education53 13.The Co-operative Movement54 14.Building Roads and Repairing Embankments55 7 8MAO TSE-TUNG THE SECOND REVOLUTIONARY CIVIL WAR PERIOD WHY IS IT THAT RED POLITICAL POWER CAN EXIST IN CHINA?63 I.The Internal Political Situa

29、tion63 II.Reasons for the Emergence and Survival of Red Political Power in China64 III.The Independent Regime in the Hunan-Kiangsi Border Area and the August Defeat67 IV.The Role of the Independent Regime of the Hunan-Kiangsi Border Area in Hunan, Hupeh and Kiangsi68 V.Economic Problems69 VI.The Pro

30、blem of Military Bases70 THE STRUGGLE IN THE CHINGKANG MOUNTAINS73 The Independent Regime in the Hunan-Kiangsi Border Area and the August Defeat73 The Current Situation in the Area Under the Independent Regime79 Military Questions80 Land Questions87 Questions of Political Power90 Questions of Party

31、Organization92 The Question of the Character of the Revolution97 The Question of the Location of Our Independent Regime99 ON CORRECTING MISTAKEN IDEAS IN THE PARTY105 On the Purely Military Viewpoint105 On Ultra-Democracy108 On the Disregard of Organizational Discipline109 On Absolute Equalitarianis

32、m110 On Subjectivism111 On Individualism112 On the Ideology of Roving Rebel Bands114 On the Remnants of Putschism114 A SINGLE SPARK CAN START A PRAIRIE FIRE117 PAY ATTENTION TO ECONOMIC WORK129 HOW TO DIFFERENTIATE THE CLASSES IN THE RURAL AREAS137 9CONTENTS OUR ECONOMIC POLICY141 BE CONCERNED WITH

33、THE WELL-BEING OF THE MASSES, PAY ATTENTION TO METHODS OF WORK147 ON TACTICS AGAINST JAPANESE IMPERIALISM153 The Characteristics of the Present Political Situation153 The National United Front162 The Peoples Republic165 International Support170 PROBLEMS OF STRATEGY IN CHINAS REVOLUTIONARY WAR179 Cha

34、pter I How to Study War179 1.The Laws of War are Developmental179 2.The Aim of War Is to Eliminate War182 3.Strategy Is the Study of the Laws of a War Situation as a Whole183 4.The Important Thing Is to Be Good at Learning186 Chapter II The Chinese Communist Party and Chinas Revolutionary War191 Cha

35、pter III Characteristics of Chinas Revolutionary War194 1.The Importance of the Subject194 2.What Are the Characteristics of Chinas Revolutionary War?196 3.Our Strategy and Tactics Ensuing from These Characteristics199 Chapter IV “Encirclement and Suppression” and Counter-Campaigns Against It the Ma

36、in Pattern of Chinas Civil War200 Chapter V The Strategic Defensive205 1.Active and Passive Defense205 2.Preparations for Combating “Encirclement and Suppression” Campaigns208 3.Strategic Retreat211 4.Strategic Counter-Offensive223 5.Starting the Counter-Offensive225 6.Concentration of Troops233 7.M

37、obile Warfare239 8.War of Quick Decision244 9.War of Annihilation248 A STATEMENT ON CHIANG KAI-SHEKS STATEMENT255 10MAO TSE-TUNG THE TASKS OF THE CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY IN THE PERIOD OF RESISTANCE TO JAPAN263 The Present Stage of Development of Chinas External and Internal Contradictions263 The Str

38、uggle for Democracy and Freedom267 Our Responsibility to Lead273 WIN THE MASSES IN THEIR MILLIONS FOR THE ANTI-JAPANESE NATIONAL UNITED FRONT285 The Question of Peace285 The Question of Democracy288 The Question of the Future of the Revolution290 The Question of Cadres291 The Question of Democracy W

39、ithin the Party292 Unity in the Conference and in the Whole Party292 Win the Masses in Their Millions for the Anti-Japanese National United Front292 ON PRACTICE295 ON CONTRADICTION311 I.The Two World Outlooks311 II.The Universality of Contradiction315 III.The Particularity of Contradiction319 IV.Th翻

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