1、 第第 11 卷卷 物种起源论物种起源论 总目录总目录 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 11 卷 物种起源论 2/584 第第 1 卷卷 富兰克林自传富兰克林自传 第第 2 卷卷 柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多篇、克利多篇篇、克利多篇 第第 3 卷卷 培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯 第第 4 卷卷 约翰米尔顿英文诗全集约翰米尔顿英文诗全集 第第 5 卷卷 爱默生文集爱默生文集 第第 6 卷卷 伯恩斯诗歌集伯恩斯诗歌集 第第 7 卷卷 圣奥古斯丁忏悔录圣奥古斯丁忏悔录 第第 8 卷卷 希腊戏剧希腊戏剧 第第 9 卷
2、卷 论友谊、论老年及书信集论友谊、论老年及书信集 第第 10 卷卷 国富论国富论 第第 11 卷卷 物种起源论物种起源论 第第 12 卷卷 普卢塔克比较列传普卢塔克比较列传 第第 13 卷卷 伊尼亚德伊尼亚德 第第 14 卷卷 唐吉坷德唐吉坷德 第第 15 卷卷 天路历程天路历程 第第 16 卷卷 天方夜谭天方夜谭 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 11 卷 物种起源论 3/584 第第 17 卷卷 民间传说与预言民间传说与预言 第第 18 卷卷 英国现代戏剧英国现代戏剧 第第 19 卷卷 浮士德浮士德 第第 20 卷卷 神曲神曲 第第 21 卷卷 许婚的爱
3、人许婚的爱人 第第 22 卷卷 奥德赛奥德赛 第第 23 卷卷 两年水手生涯两年水手生涯 第第 24 卷卷 伯克文集伯克文集 第第 25 卷卷 穆勒文集穆勒文集 第第 26 卷卷 欧洲大陆戏剧欧洲大陆戏剧 第第 27 卷卷 英国名家随笔英国名家随笔 第第 28 卷卷 英国与美国名家随笔英国与美国名家随笔 第第 29 卷卷 比格尔号上的旅行比格尔号上的旅行 第第 30 卷卷 科学论文集：物理学、化学、科学论文集：物理学、化学、天文学、地质学天文学、地质学 第第 31 卷卷 切利尼自传切利尼自传 第第 32 卷卷 文学和哲学名家随笔文学和哲学名家随笔 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard
4、 Classics 第 11 卷 物种起源论 4/584 第第33卷卷 古代与现代著名航海与旅行记古代与现代著名航海与旅行记 第第 34 卷卷 法国和英国著名哲学家法国和英国著名哲学家 第第 35 卷卷 见闻与传奇见闻与传奇 第第 36 卷卷 君王论君王论 第第 37 卷卷 17、18 世纪英国著名哲学家世纪英国著名哲学家 第第 38 卷卷 物理学、医学、外科学和地质物理学、医学、外科学和地质学学 第第 39 卷卷 著名之前言和序言著名之前言和序言 第第 40 卷卷 英文诗集（卷）从乔叟到格英文诗集（卷）从乔叟到格雷雷 第第 41 卷卷 英文诗集（卷）从科林斯到英文诗集（卷）从科林斯到费兹杰拉
5、德费兹杰拉德 第第 42 卷卷 英文诗集（卷）从丁尼生到英文诗集（卷）从丁尼生到惠特曼惠特曼 第第 43 卷卷 10001904 第第 44 卷卷 圣书圣书(卷一卷一):孔子孔子 希伯来书希伯来书 基基督圣经督圣经()第第 45 卷卷 圣书圣书(卷二卷二)基督圣经基督圣经()百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 11 卷 物种起源论 5/584 第第 46 卷卷 伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）第第 47 卷卷 伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）第第 48 卷卷 帕斯卡文集帕斯卡文集 第第 49 卷卷 史诗与传说史诗与传说 第第 50 卷卷
6、 哈佛经典讲座哈佛经典讲座 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 11 卷 物种起源论 6/584 第第 11 卷卷 物种起源论物种起源论“But with regard to the material world,we can at least go so far as thiswe can perceive that events are brought about not by insulated interpositions of Divine power,exerted in each particular case,but by the establ
7、ishment of general laws.”WHEWELL:Bridgewater Treatise.“The only distinct meaning of the word natural is stated,fixed,or settled;since what is natural as much requires and presupposes an intelligent agent to render it so,i.e.,to effect it continually or at stated times,as what is supernatural or mira
8、culous does to effect it for one.”BUTLER:Analogy of Revealed Religion.“To conclude,therefore,let no man out of a weak conceit of sobriety,or an ill-applied moderation,think or maintain,that a man can search too far or be too well studied in the book of Gods word,or in the book of Gods works;divinity
9、 or philosophy;but rather let men endeavour an endless progress or proficience in both.”BACON:Advancement of Learning.Down,Beckenham,Kent,First Edition,November 24th,1859.Sixth Edition,January,1872.INTRODUCTORY NOTE CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN,born at Shrewsbury,England,on February 12,1809,came of a famil
10、y of remarkable intellectual distinction which is still sustained in the present generation.His father was a successful physician with remarkable powers of observation,and his grandfather was Erasmus Darwin,the well-known author of“The Botanic Garden.”He went to school at Shrewsbury,were he failed t
11、o profit from the strict classical curriculum there in force;nor did the regular professional courses at Edinburgh University,where he spent two years 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 11 卷 物种起源论 7/584 studying medicine,succeed in rousing his interest.In 1827 he was entered at Christs College,Cambr
12、idge,to study for the B.A.degree,preparatory to entering the Church;but while there his friendship with Henslow,the professor of botany,led to his enlarging his general scientific knowledge and finally to his joining the expedition of the“Beagle”in the capacity of naturalist.From this Darwin returne
13、d after a voyage of five years with a vast first-hand knowledge of geology and zoology,a reputation as a successful collector,and,most important of all,with the germinal ideas of his theory of evolution.The next few years were spent in working up the materials he had collected;but his health gave si
14、gns of breaking,and for the rest of his life he suffered constantly,but without complaint.With extraordinary courage and endurance he took up a life of seclusion and methodical regularity,and accomplished his colossal results in spite of the most severe physical handicap.He had married in 1839,and t
15、hree years later he withdrew from London to the little village of Down,about sixteen miles out,where he spent the rest of his life.His custom,which was almost a method,was to work till he was on the verge of complete collapse,and then to take a holiday just sufficient to restore him to working condi
16、tion.As early as 1842 Darwin had thrown into rough form the outlines of his theory of evolution,but the enormous extent of the investigations he engaged in for the purpose of testing it led to a constant postponing of publication.Finally in June,1858,A.R.Wallace sent him a manuscript containing a st
17、atement of an identical theory of the origin of species,which had been arrived at entirely independently.On the advice of Lyell,the geologist,and Hooker,the botanist,Wallaces paper and a letter of Darwins of the previous year,in which he had outlined his theory to Asa Gray,were read together on July
18、 1,1858,and published by the Linnan Society.In November of the following year“The Origin of Species”was published,and the great battle was begun between the old science and the new.This work was followed in 1868 by his“Variation of Animals and 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 11 卷 物种起源论 8/584 Plan
19、ts under Domestication,”that in turn by the“Descent of Man”in 1871,and that again by“The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.”Each of these books was the elaboration or complement of a section of its predecessor.The later years of Darwins life were chiefly devoted to botanical research,and
20、 resulted in a series of treatises of the highest scientific value.He died at Down on April 19,1882,and is buried in Westminster Abbey.The idea of the evolution of organisms,so far from originating with Darwin,is a very old one.Glimpses of it appear in the ancient Greek philosophers,especially Emped
21、ocles and Aristotle;modern philosophy from Bacon onward shows an increasing definiteness in its grasp of the conception;and in the age preceding Darwins,Buffon,Erasmus Darwin,and Lamarck had given it a fairly concrete expression.As we approach the date of the publication of“The Origin of Species”adh
22、erence to the doctrine not only by naturalists but by poets,such as Goethe,becomes comparatively frequent;and in the six years before the joint announcement of Darwin and Wallace,Herbert Spencer had been supporting and applying it vigorously in the field of psychology.To these partial anticipations,
23、however,Darwin owed little.When he became interested in the problem,the doctrine of the fixity of species was still generally held;and his solution occurred to him mainly as the result of his own observation and thinking.Speaking of the voyage of the“Beagle,”he says,“On my return home in the autumn
24、of 1836 I immediately began to prepare my journal for publication,and then saw how many facts indicated the common descent of species.In July(1837)I opened my first note-book for facts in relation to the Origin of Species,about which I had long reflected,and never ceased working for the next twenty
25、years.Had been greatly struck from about the month of previous March on character of South American fossils,and species on Galapagos Archipelago.These facts(especially latter)origin of all my views.”Again,百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 11 卷 物种起源论 9/584 “In October(1838),that is fifteen months af
26、ter I had begun my systematic inquiry,I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population,and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long-continued observation of the habits of animals and plants,it at once struck me that under these circumstanc
27、es favorable variations would tend to be preserved,and unfavorable ones to be destroyed.The result of this would be the formation of new species.Here then I had at last got a theory by which to work.”From these statements by Darwin himself we can see how far it is from being the case that he merely
28、gathered the ripe fruit of the labors of his predecessors.All progress is continuous,and Darwin,like other men,built on the foundations laid by others;but to say this is not to deny him originality in the only vital sense of that word.And the importance of his contributionin verifying the doctrine o
29、f descent,in interpreting and applying it,and in revealing its bearings on all departments of the investigation of natureis proved by the fact that his work opened a new epoch in science and philosophy.As Huxley said,“Whatever be the ultimate verdict of posterity upon this or that opinion which Mr.D
30、arwin has propounded;whatever adumbrations or anticipations of his doctrines may be found in the writings of his predecessors;the broad fact remains that,since the publication and by reason of the publication of The Origin of Species the fundamental conceptions and the aims of the students of living
31、 Nature have been completely changed.”The present year(1909)has seen the celebration of the hundredth anniversary of Darwins birth and the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of his great work.Among the numerous expressions of honor and gratitude which the world of science has poured upon his me
32、mory,none is more significant than the volume on“Darwin and Modern Science”which has been issued by the press of his old University of 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 11 卷 物种起源论 10/584 Cambridge.In this are collected nearly thirty papers by the leaders of modern science dealing with the influence
33、 of Darwin upon various fields of thought and research,and with the later developments and modifications of his conclusions.Biology,in many different departments,Anthropology,Geology,Psychology,Philosophy,Sociology,Religion,Language,History,and Astronomy are all represented,and the mere enumeration
34、suggests the colossal nature of his achievement and its results.Yet the spirit of the man was almost as wonderful as his work.His disinterestedness,his modesty,and his absolute fairness were not only beautiful in themselves,but remain as a proof of the importance of character in intellectual labor.H
35、ere is his own frank and candid summing up of his abilities:“My success as a man of science,whatever this may have amounted to,has been determined,as far as I can judge,by complex and diversified mental qualities and conditions.Of these,the most important have beenthe love of scienceunbounded patien
36、ce in long reflecting over any subjectindustry in observing and collecting factsand a fair share of invention as well as of common sense.With such moderate abilities as I possess,it is truly surprising that I should have influenced to a considerable extent the belief of scientific men on some import
37、ant points.”AN HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE PROGRESS OF OPINION ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES PREVIOUSLY TO THE PUBLICATION OF THE FIRST EDITION OF THIS WORK I WILL here give a brief sketch of the progress of opinion on the Origin of Species.Until recently the great majority of naturalists believed that spec
38、ies were immutable productions,and had been separately created.This view has been ably maintained by many authors.Some few 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 11 卷 物种起源论 11/584 naturalists,on the other hand,have believed that species undergo modification,and that the existing forms of life are the de
39、scendants by true generation of pre-existing forms.Passing over allusions to the subject in the classical writers,注 1the first author who in modern times has treated it in a scientific spirit was Buffon But as his opinions fluctuated greatly at different periods,and as he does not enter on the cause
40、s or means of the transformation of species,I need not here enter on details.Lamarck was the first man whose conclusions on the subject excited much attention.This justly-celebrated naturalist first published his views in 1801;he much enlarged them in 1809 in his Philosophie Zoologique,and subsequen
41、tly,in 1815,in the Introduction to his Hist.Nat.des Animaux sans Vertbres.In these works he upholds the doctrine that species,including man,are descended from other species.He first did the eminent service of arousing attention to the probability of all change in the organic,as well as in the inorga
42、nic world,being the result of law,and not of miraculous interposition.Lamarck seems to have been chiefly led to his conclusion on the gradual change of species,by the difficulty of distinguishing species and varieties,by the almost perfect gradation of forms in certain groups,and by the analogy of d
43、omestic productions.With respect to the means of modification,he attributed something to the direct action of the physical conditions of life,something to the crossing of already existing forms,and much to use an disuse,that is,to the effects of habit.To this latter agency he seems to attribute all
44、the beautiful adaptations in nature;such as the long neck of the giraffe for browsing on the branches of trees.But he likewise believed in a law of progressive development;and as all the forms of life thus tend to progress,in order to account for the existence at the present day of simple production
45、s,he maintains that such forms are now spontaneously generated.注 2 Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire,as is stated in his Life,written by his son,suspected,as early as 1795,that what we call species are various 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 11 卷 物种起源论 12/584 degenerations of the same type.It was not until
46、1828 that he published his conviction that the same forms have not been perpetuated since the origin of all things.Geoffroy seems to have relied chiefly on the condition of life,or the“monde ambiant,”as the cause of change.He was cautious in drawing conclusions,and did not believe that existing spec
47、ies are now undergoing modification;and,as his son adds,“Cest donc un problme rserver entirement lavenir,suppos mme que lavenir doive avoir prise sur lui.”In 1813,Dr.W.C.Wells read before the Royal Society An Account of a White Female,part of whose skin resembles that of a Negro;but his paper was no
48、t published until his famous Two Essays upon Dew and Single Vision appeared in 1818.In this paper he distinctly recognises the principle of natural selection,and this is the first recognition which has been indicated;but he applies it only to the races of man,and to certain characters alone.After re
49、marking that negroes and mulattoes enjoy an immunity from certain tropical diseases,he observes,firstly,that all animals tend to vary in some degree,and,secondly,that agriculturists improve their domesticated animals by selection;and then,he adds,but what is done in this latter case“by art,seems to
50、be done with equal efficacy,though more slowly,by nature,in the formation of varieties of mankind,fitted for the country which they inhabit.Of the accidental varieties of man,which would occur among the first few and scattered inhabitants of the middle regions of Africa,some one would be better fitt
个人主页
