1、 第第 9 卷卷 论友谊、论论友谊、论老年及书信集老年及书信集 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 9 卷 希腊戏剧 2/447 总目录总目录 第第 1 卷卷 富兰克林自传富兰克林自传 第第 2 卷卷 柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多篇、克利多篇篇、克利多篇 第第 3 卷卷 培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯 第第 4 卷卷 约翰米尔顿英文诗全集约翰米尔顿英文诗全集 第第 5 卷卷 爱默生文集爱默生文集 第第 6 卷卷 伯恩斯诗歌集伯恩斯诗歌集 第第 7 卷卷 圣奥古斯丁忏悔录圣奥古斯丁忏悔录 第第 8 卷卷 希腊戏剧希腊
2、戏剧 第第 9 卷卷 论友谊、论老年及书信集论友谊、论老年及书信集 第第 10 卷卷 国富论国富论 第第 11 卷卷 物种起源论物种起源论 第第 12 卷卷 普卢塔克比较列传普卢塔克比较列传 第第 13 卷卷 伊尼亚德伊尼亚德 第第 14 卷卷 唐吉坷德唐吉坷德 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 9 卷 希腊戏剧 3/447 第第 15 卷卷 天路历程天路历程 第第 16 卷卷 天方夜谭天方夜谭 第第 17 卷卷 民间传说与预言民间传说与预言 第第 18 卷卷 英国现代戏剧英国现代戏剧 第第 19 卷卷 浮士德浮士德 第第 20 卷卷 神曲神曲 第第 21
3、卷卷 许婚的爱人许婚的爱人 第第 22 卷卷 奥德赛奥德赛 第第 23 卷卷 两年水手生涯两年水手生涯 第第 24 卷卷 伯克文集伯克文集 第第 25 卷卷 穆勒文集穆勒文集 第第 26 卷卷 欧洲大陆戏剧欧洲大陆戏剧 第第 27 卷卷 英国名家随笔英国名家随笔 第第 28 卷卷 英国与美国名家随笔英国与美国名家随笔 第第 29 卷卷 比格尔号上的旅行比格尔号上的旅行 第第 30 卷卷 科学论文集：物理学、化学、科学论文集：物理学、化学、天文学、地质学天文学、地质学 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 9 卷 希腊戏剧 4/447 第第 31 卷卷 切利尼自传
4、切利尼自传 第第 32 卷卷 文学和哲学名家随笔文学和哲学名家随笔 第第33卷卷 古代与现代著名航海与旅行记古代与现代著名航海与旅行记 第第 34 卷卷 法国和英国著名哲学家法国和英国著名哲学家 第第 35 卷卷 见闻与传奇见闻与传奇 第第 36 卷卷 君王论君王论 第第 37 卷卷 17、18 世纪英国著名哲学家世纪英国著名哲学家 第第 38 卷卷 物理学、医学、外科学和地质物理学、医学、外科学和地质学学 第第 39 卷卷 著名之前言和序言著名之前言和序言 第第 40 卷卷 英文诗集（卷）从乔叟到格英文诗集（卷）从乔叟到格雷雷 第第 41 卷卷 英文诗集（卷）从科林斯到英文诗集（卷）从科林斯
5、到费兹杰拉德费兹杰拉德 第第 42 卷卷 英文诗集（卷）从丁尼生到英文诗集（卷）从丁尼生到惠特曼惠特曼 第第 43 卷卷 10001904 第第 44 卷卷 圣书圣书(卷一卷一):孔子孔子 希伯来书希伯来书 基基百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 9 卷 希腊戏剧 5/447 督圣经督圣经()第第 45 卷卷 圣书圣书(卷二卷二)基督圣经基督圣经()第第 46 卷卷 伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）第第 47 卷卷 伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）第第 48 卷卷 帕斯卡文集帕斯卡文集 第第 49 卷卷 史诗与传说史诗与传说 第第 50
6、 卷卷 哈佛经典讲座哈佛经典讲座 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 9 卷 希腊戏剧 6/447 第第 9 卷卷 论友谊、论老年及书信集论友谊、论老年及书信集 INTRODUCTORY NOTE MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO,the greatest of Roman orators and the chief master of Latin prose style,was born at Arpinum,Jan.3,106 B.C.His father,who was a man of property and belonged to the
7、 class of the“Knights,”moved to Rome when Cicero was a child;and the future statesman received an elaborate education in rhetoric,law,and philosophy,studying and practising under some of the most noted teachers of the time.He began his career as an advocate at the age of twenty-five,and almost immed
8、iately came to be recognized not only as a man of brilliant talents but also as a courageous upholder of justice in the face of grave political danger.After two years of practice he left Rome to travel in Greece and Asia,taking all the opportunities that offered to study his art under distinguished
9、masters.He returned to Rome greatly improved in health and in professional skill,and in 76 B.C.was elected to the office of qustor.He was assigned to the province of Lilybum in Sicily,and the vigor and justice of his administration earned him the gratitude of the inhabitants.It was at their request
10、that he undertook in 70 B.C.the prosecution of Verres,who as prtor had subjected the Sicilians to incredible extortion and oppression;and his successful conduct of this case,which ended in the conviction and banishment of Verres,may be said to have launched him on his political career.He became aedi
11、le in the same year,in 67 B.C.prtor,and in 64 B.C.was elected consul by a large majority.The most important event of the year of his consulship was the conspiracy of Catiline.This notorious criminal of patrician rank had conspired with a number of others,many of them young men of high birth but diss
12、ipated character,to seize the chief offices of the state,and to extricate themselves from the pecuniary and other difficulties that had 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 9 卷 希腊戏剧 7/447 resulted from their excesses,by the wholesale plunder of the city.The plot was unmasked by the vigilance of Cicero
13、,five of the traitors were summarily executed,and in the overthrow of the army that had been gathered in their support Catiline himself perished.Cicero regarded himself as the savior of his country,and his country for the moment seemed to give grateful assent.But reverses were at hand.During the exi
14、stence of the political combination of Pompey,Csar,and Crassus,known as the first triumvirate,P.Clodius,an enemy of Ciceros,proposed a law banishing“any one who had put Roman citizens to death without trial.”This was aimed at Cicero on account of his share in the Catiline affair,and in March,58 B.C.
15、,he left Rome.The same day a law was passed by which he was banished by name,and his property was plundered and destroyed,a temple to Liberty being erected on the site of his house in the city.During his exile Ciceros manliness to some extent deserted him.He drifted from place to place,seeking the p
16、rotection of officials against assassination,writing letters urging his supporters to agitate for his recall,sometimes accusing them of lukewarmness and even treachery,bemoaning the ingratitude of his country or regretting the course of action that had led to his outlawry,and suffering from extreme
17、depression over his separation from his wife and children and the wreck of his political ambitions.Finally,in August,57 B.C.,the decree for his restoration was passed,and he returned to Rome the next month,being received with immense popular enthusiasm.During the next few years the renewal of the un
18、derstanding among the triumvirs shut Cicero out from any leading part in politics,and he resumed his activity in the law courts,his most important case being,perhaps,the defense of Milo for the murder of Clodius,Ciceros most troublesome enemy.This oration,in the revised form in which it has come dow
19、n to us,is ranked as among the finest specimens of the art of the orator,though in its original form it failed to secure Milos acquittal.百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 9 卷 希腊戏剧 8/447 Meantime,Cicero was also devoting much time to literary composition,and his letters show great dejection over the
20、 political situation,and a somewhat wavering attitude towards the various parties in the state.In 51 B.C.he went to Cilicia in Asia Minor as proconsul,an office which he administered with efficiency and integrity in civil affairs and with success in military.He returned to Italy at the end of the fo
21、llowing year,and he was publicly thanked by the senate for his services,but disappointed in his hopes for a triumph.The war for supremacy between Csar and Pompey,which had for some time been gradually growing more certain,broke out in 49 B.C.,when Csarled his army across the Rubicon,and Cicero after
22、 much irresolution threw in his lot with Pompey,who was overthrown the next year in the battle of Pharsalus and later murdered in Egypt.Cicero returned to Italy,where Csar treated him magnanimously,and for some time he devoted himself to philosophical and rhetorical writing.In 46 B.C.he divorced his
23、 wife Terentia,to whom he had been married for thirty years,and married the young and wealthy Publilia in order to relieve himself from financial difficulties;but her also he shortly divorced.Csar,who had now become supreme in Rome,was assassinated in 44 B.C.,and though Cicero was not a sharer in th
24、e conspiracy,he seems to have approved the deed.In the confusion which followed he supported the cause of the conspirators against Antony;and when finally the triumvirate of Antony,Octavius,and Lepidus was established,Cicero was included among the proscribed,and on December 7,43 B.C.,he was killed b
25、y agents of Antony.His head and hand were cut off and exhibited at Rome.The most important orations of the last months of his life were the fourteen“Philippics”delivered against Antony,and the price of this enmity he paid with his life.To his contemporaries Cicero was primarily the great forensic an
26、d political orator of his time,and the fifty-eight speeches which have come down to us bear testimony to the skill,wit,eloquence,and passion which 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 9 卷 希腊戏剧 9/447 gave him his preeminence.But these speeches of necessity deal with the minute details of the occasions
27、which called them forth,and so require for their appreciation a full knowledge of the history,political and personal,of the time.The letters,on the other hand,are less elaborate both in style and in the handling of current events,while they serve to reveal his personality,and to throw light upon Rom
28、an life in the last days of the Republic in an extremely vivid fashion.Cicero as a man,in spite of his self-importance,the vacillation of his political conduct in desperate crises,and the whining despondency of his times of adversity,stands out as at bottom a patriotic Roman of substantial honesty,w
29、ho gave his life to check the inevitable fall of the commonwealth to which he was devoted.The evils which were undermining the Republic bear so many striking resemblances to those which threaten the civic and national life of America to-day that the interest of the period is by no means merely histo
30、rical.As a philosopher,Ciceros most important function was to make his countrymen familiar with the main schools of Greek thought.Much of this writing is thus of secondary interest to us in comparison with his originals,but in the fields of religious theory and of the application of philosophy to li
31、fe he made important first-hand contributions.From these works have been selected the two treatises,On Old Age and On Friendship,which have proved of most permanent and widespread interest to posterity,and which give a clear impression of the way in which a high-minded Roman thought about some of th
32、e main problems of human life.ON FRIENDSHIP MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO THE augur Quintus Mucius Scvola used to recount a number of stories about his father-in-law,Gaius Llius,accurately remembered and charmingly told;and whenever he talked about him always gave him the title of“the wise”without any hesit
33、ation.I had been introduced by my father to Scvola as soon as I had assumed the toga virilis,and I took advantage of the introduction never to quit the venerable mans side as 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 9 卷 希腊戏剧 10/447 long as I was able to stay and he was spared to us.The consequence was tha
34、t I committed to memory many disquisitions of his,as well as many short pointed apophthegms,and,in short,took as much advantage of his wisdom as I could.When he died,I attached myself to Scvola the Pontifex,whom I may venture to call quite the most distinguished of our countrymen for ability and upr
35、ightness.But of this latter I shall take other occasions to speak.To return to Scvola the augur:Among many other occasions I particularly remember one.He was sitting on a semicircular garden-bench,as was his custom,when I and a very few intimate friends were there,and he chanced to turn the conversa
36、tion upon a subject which about that time was in many peoples mouths.You must remember,Atticus,for you were very intimate with Publius Sulpicius,what expressions of astonishment,or even indignation,were called forth by his mortal quarrel,as tribune,with the consul Quintus Pompeius,with whom he had f
37、ormerly lived on terms of the closest intimacy and affection.Well,on this occasion,happening to mention this particular circumstance,Scvola detailed to us a discourse of Llius on friendship delivered to himself and Lliuss other son-in-law,Gaius Fannius,son of Marcus Fannius,a few days after the deat
38、h of Africanus.The points of that discussion I committed to memory,and have arranged them in this book at my own discretion.For I have brought the speakers,as it were,personally on to my stage to prevent the constant“said I”and“said he”of a narrative,and to give the discourse the air of being orally
39、 delivered in our hearing.You have often urged me to write something on Friendship,and I quite acknowledged that the subject seemed one worth everybodys investigation,and specially suited to the close intimacy that has existed between you and me.Accordingly I was quite ready to benefit the public at
40、 your request.As to the dramatis person:In the treatise on Old Age,which I 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 9 卷 希腊戏剧 11/447 dedicated to you,I introduced Cato as chief speaker.No one,I thought,could with greater propriety speak on old age than one who had been an old man longer than any one else,a
41、nd had been exceptionally vigorous in his old age.Similarly,having learnt from tradition that of all friendships that between Gaius Llius and Publius Scipio was the most remarkable,I thought Llius was just the person to support the chief part in a discussion on friendship which Scvola remembered him
42、 to have actually taken.Moreover,a discussion of this sort gains somehow in weight from the authority of men of ancient days,especially if they happen to have been distinguished.So it comes about that in reading over what I have myself written I have a feeling at times that it is actually Cato that
43、is speaking,not I.Finally,as I sent the former essay to you as a gift from one old man to another,so I have dedicated this On Friendship as a most affectionate friend to his friend.In the former Cato spoke,who was the oldest and wisest man of his day;in this Llius speaks on friendshipLlius,who was a
44、t once a wise man(that was the title given him)and eminent for his famous friendship.Please forget me for a while;imagine Llius to be speaking.Gaius Fannius and Quintus Mucius come to call on their father-in-law after the death of Africanus.They start the subject;Llius answers them.And the whole ess
45、ay on friendship is his.In reading it you will recognise a picture of yourself.2.Fannius.You are quite right,Llius!there never was a better or more illustrious character than Africanus.But you should consider that at the present moment all eyes are on you.Everybody calls you“the wise”par excellence,
46、and thinks you so.The same mark of respect was lately paid Cato,and we know that in the last generation Lucius Atilius was called“the wise.”But in both cases the word was applied with a certain 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 9 卷 希腊戏剧 12/447 difference.Atilius was so called from his reputation as
47、 a jurist;Cato got the name as a kind of honorary title and in extreme old age because of his varied experience of affairs,and his reputation for foresight and firmness,and the sagacity of the opinions which he delivered in senate and forum.You,however,are regarded as“wise”in a somewh at different s
48、ensenot alone on account of natural ability and character,but also from your industry and learning;and not in the sense in which the vulgar,but that in which scholars,give that title.In this sense we do not read of any one being called wise in Greece except one man at Athens;and he,to be sure,had be
49、en declared by the oracle of Apollo also to be“the supremely wise man.”For those who commonly go by the name of the Seven Sages are not admitted into the category of the wise by fastidious critics.Your wisdom people believe to consist in this,that you look upon yourself as self-sufficing and regard
50、the changes and chances of mortal life as powerless to affect your virtue.Accordingly they are always asking me,and doubtless also our Scvola here,how you bear the death of Africanus.This curiosity has been the more excited from the fact that on the Nones of this month,when we augurs met as usual in
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