1、 第第 37 卷卷 17、18 世世纪英国著名哲学家纪英国著名哲学家 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 37 卷 17、18 世纪英国著名哲学家 2/470 总目录总目录 第第 1 卷卷 富兰克林自传富兰克林自传 第第 2 卷卷 柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多篇、克利多篇篇、克利多篇 第第 3 卷卷 培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯 第第 4 卷卷 约翰米尔顿英文诗全集约翰米尔顿英文诗全集 第第 5 卷卷 爱默生文集爱默生文集 第第 6 卷卷 伯恩斯诗歌集伯恩斯诗歌集 第第 7 卷卷 圣奥古斯丁忏悔录圣奥古斯丁忏悔录
2、 第第 8 卷卷 希腊戏剧希腊戏剧 第第 9 卷卷 论友谊、论老年及书信集论友谊、论老年及书信集 第第 10 卷卷 国富论国富论 第第 11 卷卷 物种起源论物种起源论 第第 12 卷卷 普卢塔克比较列传普卢塔克比较列传 第第 13 卷卷 伊尼亚德伊尼亚德 第第 14 卷卷 唐吉坷德唐吉坷德 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 37 卷 17、18 世纪英国著名哲学家 3/470 第第 15 卷卷 天路历程天路历程 第第 16 卷卷 天方夜谭天方夜谭 第第 17 卷卷 民间传说与预言民间传说与预言 第第 18 卷卷 英国现代戏剧英国现代戏剧 第第 19 卷卷
3、浮士德浮士德 第第 20 卷卷 神曲神曲 第第 21 卷卷 许婚的爱人许婚的爱人 第第 22 卷卷 奥德赛奥德赛 第第 23 卷卷 两年水手生涯两年水手生涯 第第 24 卷卷 伯克文集伯克文集 第第 25 卷卷 穆勒文集穆勒文集 第第 26 卷卷 欧洲大陆戏剧欧洲大陆戏剧 第第 27 卷卷 英国名家随笔英国名家随笔 第第 28 卷卷 英国与美国名家随笔英国与美国名家随笔 第第 29 卷卷 比格尔号上的旅行比格尔号上的旅行 第第 30 卷卷 科学论文集：物理学、化学、科学论文集：物理学、化学、天文学、地质学天文学、地质学 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 37
4、 卷 17、18 世纪英国著名哲学家 4/470 第第 31 卷卷 切利尼自传切利尼自传 第第 32 卷卷 文学和哲学名家随笔文学和哲学名家随笔 第第33卷卷 古代与现代著名航海与旅行记古代与现代著名航海与旅行记 第第 34 卷卷 法国和英国著名哲学家法国和英国著名哲学家 第第 35 卷卷 见闻与传奇见闻与传奇 第第 36 卷卷 君王论君王论 第第 37 卷卷 17、18 世纪英国著名哲学家世纪英国著名哲学家 第第 38 卷卷 物理学、医学、外科学和地质物理学、医学、外科学和地质学学 第第 39 卷卷 著名之前言和序言著名之前言和序言 第第 40 卷卷 英文诗集（卷）从乔叟到格英文诗集（卷）从
5、乔叟到格雷雷 第第 41 卷卷 英文诗集（卷）从科林斯到英文诗集（卷）从科林斯到费兹杰拉德费兹杰拉德 第第 42 卷卷 英文诗集（卷）从丁尼生到英文诗集（卷）从丁尼生到惠特曼惠特曼 第第 43 卷卷 10001904 第第 44 卷卷 圣书圣书(卷一卷一):孔子孔子 希伯来书希伯来书 基基百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 37 卷 17、18 世纪英国著名哲学家 5/470 督圣经督圣经()第第 45 卷卷 圣书圣书(卷二卷二)基督圣经基督圣经()第第 46 卷卷 伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）第第 47 卷卷 伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）伊丽莎白时
6、期戏剧（卷）第第 48 卷卷 帕斯卡文集帕斯卡文集 第第 49 卷卷 史诗与传说史诗与传说 第第 50 卷卷 哈佛经典讲座哈佛经典讲座 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 37 卷 17、18 世纪英国著名哲学家 6/470 第第 37 卷卷 17、18 世纪英国著名哲学家世纪英国著名哲学家 INTRODUCTORY NOTE JOHN LOCKE was born near Bristol,England,on August 29,1632;and was educated at Westminster School,where Dryden was his
7、 contemporary,and at Christ Church,Oxford.Of the discipline then in vogue in either institution,the future educational theorist had no high opinion,as may be gathered from allusions in the present treatise;yet,after taking his masters degree in 1658,he became tutor of his college,and lecturer in Gre
8、ek and rhetoric.After a visit to the Continent in 1665,as secretary to an embassy,he returned to Oxford and took up the study of medicine.He became attached,as friend and physician,to Lord Ashley,afterward the first Earl of Shaftesbury;and while this nobleman was Lord Chancellor,Locke held the offic
9、e of Secretary of Presentations.Shaftesbury went out of office in 1673,and two years later Locke went to France in search of health,supporting himself by acting as tutor to the son of Sir John Banks,and as physician to the wife of the English Ambassador at Paris.In 1679,Shaftesbury,being again in po
10、wer,recalled Locke to England.He reluctantly obeyed,and remained in attendance on his patron,assisting him in political matters and superintending the education of his grandson,the future author of“Characteristics,”till Shaftesburys political fortunes finally collapsed,and both men took refuge in Ho
11、lland.Lockes first two years in Holland were spent in traveling and in intercourse with scholars;but in 1685 the Dutch Government was asked to deliver him up to the English as a traitor,and he was forced to go into hiding till a pardon was granted by James II in 1686,though there is no evidence of h
12、is having been guilty of any crime beyond his friendship with Shaftesbury.百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 37 卷 17、18 世纪英国著名哲学家 7/470 It was not till now,at the age of fifty-four,that Locke began to publish the results of a lifetime of study and thought.An epitome of his great“Essay Concerning Hum
13、an Understanding”was printed in his friend Le Clercs“Bibliothque Universelle,”and the work was finally published in full in 1690.It was from Holland also that he wrote,as advice to a friend on the bringing up of his son,those letters which were later printed as“Thoughts Concerning Education.”During
14、his exile Locke had come into friendly relations with his future sovereigns,William and Mary;and when the Revolution was accomplished he came back to England with the Princess in 1689.He was offered the Ambassadorship to Prussia,but declined on account of his weak health and because he thought he wa
15、s not valiant enough in strong drink to be Ambassador at the court of the Elector of Brandenburg;so he stayed at home and published his“Essay.”The remainder of his life was spent chiefly at the home of his friends,the Cudworths and Mashams,at Oates in Essex.He held the office of Commissioner of Appe
16、als,and was for some years a member of the Council of Trade and Plantations,a position which led to his occupying himself with problems of economics.At Oates he had the opportunity of putting his educational theories into practise in the training of the grandson of his host,and the results confirmed
17、 his belief in his methods.He died at Oates,October 27,1704.It has been noted that while at school and at the university Locke disapproved the educational methods employed;and this independence of judgment marked him through life.In medicine he denounced the scholasticism which still survived and wh
18、ich in various branches of learning had already been attacked by Bacon and Hobbes;and he advocated the experimental methods adopted by his friend Sydenham,the great physician of the day.In educational theory and method he held advanced opinions,insisting especially on the importance of guarding the
19、百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 37 卷 17、18 世纪英国著名哲学家 8/470 formation of habits,and on training in wisdom and virtue rather than on information as the main object of education.Many of his ideas are still among the objects aimed at,rather than achieved,by educational reformers.It will be observed f
20、rom the following“Thoughts”that they bear the mark of their original purpose,the individual education of a gentlemans son,not the formation of a school system.But it is as a philosopher that Lockes fame is greatest.He was the ancestor of the English empirical school,and he exercised a profound influ
21、ence on philosophic thought throughout Europe.Almost all the main lines of the intellectual activity of the eighteenth century in England lead back to Locke,and the skepticism of Hume is the logical development of the principles laid down in the“Essay Concerning Human Understanding.”DEDICATION TO ED
22、WARD CLARKE,of Chipley,Esq.SIR:THESE thoughts concerning education,which now come abroad into the world,do of right belong to you,being written several years since for your sake,and are no other than what you have already by you in my letters.I have so little varyd any thing,but only the order of wh
23、at was sent you at different times,and on several occasions,that the reader will easily find,in the familiarity and fashion of the stile,that they were rather the private conversation of two friends,than a discourse designd for publick view.The importunity of friends is the common apology for public
24、ations men are afraid to own themselves forward to.But you know I can truly say,that if some,who having heard of these papers of mine,had not pressd to see them,and afterwards to have them printed,they had lain dormant still in that privacy they were designd for.But those,whose judgment I defer much
25、 to,telling me,that they were persuaded,that this rough draught of mine might be of some use,if made more publick,touchd upon 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 37 卷 17、18 世纪英国著名哲学家 9/470 what will always be very prevalent with me:for I think it every mans indispensable duty,to do all the service he
26、 can to his country;and I see not what difference he puts between himself and his cattle,who lives without that thought.This subject is of so great concernment,and a right way of education is of so general advantage,that did I find my abilities answer my wishes,I should not have needed exhortations
27、or importunities from others.However,the meanness of these papers,and my just distrust of them,shall not keep me,by the shame of doing so little,from contributing my mite,when there is no more requird of me than my throwing it into the publick receptacle.And if there be any more of their size and no
28、tions,who likd them so well,that they thought them worth printing,I may flatter myself they will not be lost labour to every body.I myself have been consulted of late by so many,who profess themselves at a loss how to breed their children,and the early corruption of youth is now become so general a
29、complaint,that he cannot be thought wholly impertinent,who brings the consideration of this matter on the stage,and offers something,if it be but to excite others,or afford matter of correction:for errors in education should be less indulgd than any.These,like faults in the first concoction,that are
30、 never mended in the second or third,carry their afterwards incorrigible taint with them thro all the parts and stations of life.I am so far from being conceited of any thing I have here offerd,that I should not be sorry,even for your sake,if some one abler and fitter for such a task would in a just
31、 treatise of education,suited to our English gentry,rectify the mistakes I have made in this;it being much more desirable to me,that young gentlemen should be put into(that which every one ought to be solicitous about)the best way of being formd and instructed,than that my opinion should be receivd
32、concerning it.You will,however,in the mean time bear me witness,that the method here proposd has had no ordinary effects upon a gentlemans son it was not 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 37 卷 17、18 世纪英国著名哲学家 10/470 designd for.I will not say the good temper of the child did not very much contribut
33、e to it;but this I think you and the parents are satisfyd of,that a contrary usage,according to the ordinary disciplining of children,would not have mended that temper,nor have brought him to be in love with his book,to take a pleasure in learning,and to desire,as he does,to be taught more than thos
34、e about him think fit always to teach him.But my business is not to recommend this treatise to you,whose opinion of it I know already;nor it to the world,either by your opinion or patronage.The well educating of their children is so much the duty and concern of parents,and the welfare and prosperity
35、 of the nation so much depends on it,that I would have every one lay it seriously to heart;and after having well examind and distinguishd what fancy,custom,or reason advises in the case,set his helping hand to promote every where that way of training up youth,with regard to their several conditions,
36、which is the easiest,shortest,and likeliest to produce virtuous,useful,and able men in their distinct callings;tho that most to be taken care of is the gentlemans calling.For if those of that rank are by their education once set right,they will quickly bring all the rest into order.I know not whethe
37、r I have done more than shewn my good wishes towards it in this short discourse;such as it is,the world now has it,and if there be any thing in it worth their acceptance,they owe their thanks to you for it.My affection to you gave the first rise to it,and I am pleasd,that I can leave to posterity th
38、is mark of the friendship that has been between us.For I know no greater pleasure in this life,nor a better remembrance to be left behind one,than a long continued friendship with an honest,useful,and worthy man,and lover of his country.I am,Sir,Your most humble and most faithful servant,JOHN LOCKE.
39、March 7,1692.i.e.169 2/3.SOME THOUGHTS CONCERNONG EDUCATION 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 37 卷 17、18 世纪英国著名哲学家 11/470 1.A SOUND mind in a sound body,is a short,but full description of a happy state in this world.He that has these two,has little more to wish for;and he that wants either of them,
40、will be but little the better for any thing else.Mens happiness or misery is most part of their own making.He,whose mind directs not wisely,will never take the right way;and he,whose body is crazy and feeble,will never be able to advance in it.I confess,there are some mens constitutions of body and
41、mind so vigorous,and well framd by nature,that they need not much assistance from others;but by the strength of their natural genius,they are from their cradles carried towards what is excellent;and by the privilege of their happy constitutions,are able to do wonders.But examples of this kind are bu
42、t few;and I think I may say,that of all the men we meet with,nine parts of ten are what they are,good or evil,useful or not,by their education.Tis that which makes the great difference in mankind.The little,or almost insensible impressions on our tender infancies,have very important and lasting cons
43、equences:and there tis,as in the fountains of some rivers,where a gentle application of the hand turns uhe flexible waters in channels,that make them take quite contrary courses;and by this direction given them at first in the source,they receive different tendencies,and arrive at last at very remot
44、e and distant places.2.I imagine the minds of children as easily turnd this or that way,as water it self:and though this be the principal part,and our main care should be about the inside,yet the clay-cottage is not to be neglected.I shall therefore begin with the case,and consider first the health
45、of the body,as that which perhaps you may rather expect from that study I have been thought more peculiarly to have applyd my self to;and that also which will be soonest dispatchd,as lying,if I guess not amiss,in a very little compass.3.How necessary health is to our business and happiness;and how r
46、equisite a strong constitution,able to endure hardships and fatigue,百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 37 卷 17、18 世纪英国著名哲学家 12/470 is to one that will make any figure in the world,is too obvious to need any proof.4.The consideration I shall here have of health,shall be,not what a physician ought to
47、do with a sick and crazy child;but what the parents,without the help of physick,should do for the preservation and improvement of an healthy,or at least not sickly constitution in their children.And this perhaps might be all dispatchd in this one short rule,viz.That gentlemen should use their childr
48、en,as the honest farmers and substantial yeomen do theirs.But because the mothers possibly may think this a little too hard,and the fathers too short,I shall explain my self more particularly;only laying down this as a general and certain observation for the women to consider,viz.That most childrens
49、 constitutions are either spoild,or at least harmd,by cockering and tenderness.5.The first thing to be taken care of,is,that children be not too warmly clad or coverd,winter or summer.The face when we are born,is no less tender than any other part of the body.Tis use alone hardens it,and makes it mo
50、re able to endure the cold.And therefore the Scythian philosopher gave a very significant answer to the Athenian,who wonderd how he could go naked in frost and snow.How,said the Scythian,can you endure your face exposd to the sharp winter air?My face is usd to it,said the Athenian.Think me all face,
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