1、away. One-third of the nation felt it .A huge crack that was eight kilometres long and thirty metres wide cut across houses,roads and canals.Steam burst from holes in the ground. Hard hills of rock became rivers of dirt. In fifteen terrible seconds a large lay in ruins.The suffering of the people wa
2、s extreme. Tow-thirds of them died or were injured during the earthquake.Thounds of families were killed and many chidren were left without parents. The number of people who were killed or injured reached more than 400,000.But how could the survivors believe it was natural?Everywhere they looked nea
3、rly everything was destroyed. All of the citys hospitals,75%of its factories and buildings and 90%of its homes were gone. Bricks covered the ground like red autumn leaves. No wind, however,could below they away. Two dams and most of the bridges also fell or were not safe for travelling. The railway
4、tracks were now useless pieces of steel. Tens of thousands of cows would never give milk again. Half a million pigs and millions of chickens were dead. Sand now filled the wells instead of water. People were shocked. Then later that afternoon,another big quake which was almost as strong as the first
5、 one shook Tangshan. Some of the rescue workers and doctors were trapped under the ruins. More buildings fell down. Water,food, and eletricity were hard to get. People began to wongder how long the disater would last. All hope was not lost. Soon after the quakes, the army sent 150,000 soliders to Ta
6、ngshan to help the rescue workers. Hundreds of thousands of people were helped. The army organized teams to dig out those were trapped and to bury the dead. To the north of the city, most of the 10,000 miners were rescued from the coal mines there. Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes ha
7、d been destroyed. Fresh water was taken to the city by train,truck and plane. Slowly, the city began to breathe again. A SAFE HOME It is sad but that people die in earthquakes from falling furniture and bricks. Earthquake safety is very important and there is more to it than just keeping buildings f
8、rom falling down. So if your home is in an earthquake area,you should prepare carefully before the earthquake comes. First, make sure you buy a house which is earthquake safe. All pipes should be fixed to the wall and all walls should be especially thick and strong. You also have to make sure that t
9、here are bolts underneath your house. They are one of the most important ways of protecting a house. Make sure the building has no breaken windows and is well repaired. Second ,look at the objects in your house. Those in the living room,which are the most likely to hurt us, are computers, television
10、s and lamps. They can be tied to tables or them so they wont easily move around. The kitchen, which is also very dangerous, must have strong doors on all the cupboards. This is the place where many small things are stored that might fall down. The water heater should have a case round it too. Window
11、s are special problem. When they break, glass can cause many accidents,. It is better to use safety glass if you can, especially for pictures. Always remember:” It is better to be safe than sorry.” THE STORY OF AN EYEWITNESSBy Jack London Never before in history has a city been so completely destroy
12、ed. San Francisco is gone. Nothing is left of it but memories and some houses far from the centre of the city. Its buniness are gone. The factories,hotelsand palace are all gone too. Within an hour after the earthquake, the smoke of SanFrancios fires could been seen 160 kilometres away. The sun is r
13、ed in the dark sky. There was no stopping the fires. There was no way to organize or communicate. The steel railway tracks were now useless. And the great pipes for carrying water under the streets had burst. All of the ways man had made to keep the city safe were gone in the thirty second the earth
14、 moved. Out at sea it was calm. No wind came up. Yet from every direction-east,weast,north,andsouth,strong winds blew upon the unlucky city. Man himself had to make ruins of the citys best buildings so that they would not be a danger to those in the streets. A list of buildings undesteryed was now o
15、nly a few addresses. A list of the brave men and the women would fill a library. A list of all those killed will never be made. Amazing as it may seem, Wednesday night was a quiet night. There were no crowds. The policemen saidnothing; even their horses were quit. There were no shouts or people doin
16、g crazy things. In all those terrible hours I saw not one woman who cried, not one man who was excited. Before the fires, through the night, thousands and thousands of people who had lost their homes left for safety. Some were covered in blankets. Sometimes whole families put everything they owned a
17、nd could save into wagons. They helped one another climb the high hills around the city. Never in all SanFrsncios histroy were her people so kind as on that terrible night.Unit 5Elias storyMy name is Elias. I am a poor worker in SouthAfrica. The time when I first met Nelson Mandela was a very diffic
18、ult period of my life. I was twelve years old. It was in 1952 and Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice. He offered guidance to poor black people on their legal problems. He was generous with his time, for which I was grateful.I needed his help because I had very little education. I
19、 began school at six. The school where I studied for only two years was three kilometers away. I had to leave because my family could not continue to pay the school fees and the bus fare. I could not read or write well. After trying hard, I got a job in a gold mine. However, this was a time when one
20、 had to got to have a passbook to live in Johannesburg. Sadly I did not have it because I was not born there, and I worried about whether I would become out of work.The day when Nelson Mandela helped me was one of my happiest. He told me how to get the correct papers so I could stay in Johannesburg.
21、 I became more hopeful about my future. I never forgot how kind Mandela was. When he organized the ANC Youth League, I joined it as soon as I could. He said:“ The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress,until today we have reached a stage where we hav
22、e almost no rights at all.”It was the truth. Black people could not vote or choose their leaders. They could not get the jobs they wanted. The parts of town in which they had to live were decided by white people. The places outside the towns where they were sent to live were the poorest parts of Sou
23、th Africa. No one could grow food there,. In fact as Nelson Mandela said:“ We were put into a position in which we had either to accept we were less important, or fight the government. We chose to attack the laws. We first broke the law in a way which was peaceful; when this was not allowed only the
24、n did we decide to answer violence with violence.”As a matter of fact, I do not like violence but in 1963 I helped him blow up some government buildings. It was very dangerous because if I was caught I could be put in prison. But I was very happy to help because I knew it would help us achieve our d
25、ream of making black and white people equal.The rest of Elias storyYou cannot imagine how the name of Robben Island made us afraid. It was a prison from which no one escaped. There I spent the hardest time of my life. But when I got there Nelson Mandela was also there and he helped me. Mr Mandela be
26、gan a school for those of us who had little learning. We read books under our blankets and used anything we could find to make candles to see the words. I became a good student. I wanted to study for degree but I was not allowed to do that. Later, Mr Mandela allowed the prison guards to join us. He
27、said they should not be stopped from studying for their degrees. They were not cleverer than me, but they did pass their exams. So I knew I could get a degree too. That made me feel good about myself.When I finished the four years in prison, I went to find a job. Since I was better educated, I got a
28、 job working in an office. However, the police found out and told my boss that I had been in prison for blowing up government buildings. So I lost my job. I did not work again for twenty years until Mr Mandela and the ANC came to power in 1994. All that time my wife and children had to beg for food
29、and help from relatives or friends. Luckily Mr Mandela remembered me and gave me a job taking tourists around my old prison on Robben Island. I felt bad the first time I talked to a group. All the terror and fear of that time came back to me. I remembered the beatings赤峰禾田节水材料有限公司年产1.5万吨PE节水管材项目可行性研究
30、报告第一章 总 论第一节 项目概述项目名称：赤峰禾田节水材料有限公司年产1.5万吨PE节水管材建设项目项目承办单位：赤峰禾田节水材料有限公司项目建设规模：年产PE节水管材1.5万吨项目建设内容：建设锅炉房、厂房 、原料库 、成品库、 办公房、 PE节水管材生产线项目总投资：本项目总投资2935.6万元法人代表：刘国华 项目性质：新建建设期限：1年资金筹措：企业自筹项目拟建地点：本项目拟建于赤峰市松山区当铺地满族乡兴隆洼村项目效益分析：项目达产后，可年实现销售收入2850.0万元，上缴税金400.6万元，实现利润975.5万元（税前），投资利润率33.2，投资利税率38.6，全部投资税前回收期3
31、.8年(不含建设期)。第二节 项目基本情况一、承办单位概况赤峰禾田节水材料有限公司属于民营企业，公司成立于2010年6月，地址位于内蒙古自治区赤峰市松山区当铺地满族乡兴隆洼村，占地面积24亩，项目法人刘国华，是专业生产农业节水灌溉用管材、井用输水管、饮用水输送管、电力护套管、其它水利水电用管的企业。现有职工100人，其中：专业技术人员15人，拥有固定资产原值1500多万元。企业通过实施科学化、规范化管理，坚持以研发、品质、服务为指导方针，秉承“锐意进取，追求品质”的经营理念，真情地为客户创造价值。企业采用国内先进的生产工艺，拥有先进的聚乙烯树脂新产品和聚乙烯成型工艺、精良的产品质量检测设备以及
32、PE节水管材生产最新生产技术，提高了产品质量，项目产品的市场前景非常乐观，企业长远发展有较大的潜力。二、项目来源经过有关机构充分的市场调研和论证，认为赤峰市松山区赤峰禾田节水材料有限公司年产1.5万吨PE节水管材建设项目属环保、节能项目，是国家产业政策积极扶持和倡导的。PE节水管材属于新型节能环保建材，是一种新兴建材，它对节约水源、保护环境具有重要作用。产品的市场前景非常乐观，是一个拥有较大发展潜力的优势项目，该项目建设可为地方经济发展，实现农业灌溉的节水环保做出应有贡献。三、项目建设优势1、PE节水管材内壁光滑，流体阻力小，不生锈。对水质要求不严格，不积圬。2、PE节水管材耐低温性好，使用温
33、度范围较宽，在-2040环境下均可正常使用。3、良好的耐磨性。做为可移动的支管时，在地上拖拉不会影响管材的使用寿命。4、管材性能稳定，卫生性能好，不影响水质，不会因此而影响农作物的无毒、无公害。同时可用于低压引用水的输送。5、PE节水管材具有优异的抗老化性能，长期光照或埋地均可保证其使用性能。6、管材加入抗菌剂能抑制大肠杆菌滋生，保证农产品食用安全性，以及饮用水的饮用卫生性。7、PE节水管材有较好的韧性，可弯曲、盘卷，储存方便。8、PE农用管材具有卓越的抗快速开裂传播和抗慢速开裂增长性能，以及良好的防垂悬性能。9、PE节水管材耐腐蚀性好，性能稳定，在输送注入肥料的水时不仅不会被腐蚀，而且不破坏
34、肥料中的养分，保证农作物的生产需求。10、耐化学性尤其抵抗海水性突出，对柔软地盘的适应力强，适合海水养殖、灌溉水路、农田整理等用管。11、具有良好的绝缘性，可用电线穿线用管。四、产品使用领域1、农业节水灌溉用管材2、井用输水管3、饮用水输送管4、电力护套管5、其它水利水电用管五、产品符合标准GB/T66741986滴灌用低密度聚乙烯管材QB/T38031999滴灌用低密度聚乙烯管材GB/T136632000给水用聚乙烯（）管材Q/RFB0012003灌溉用聚乙烯（）管材第三节 编制依据和研究内容一、编制依据(一)政策依据：1、内蒙古自治区国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划纲要；2、内蒙古自治区
35、赤峰市国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划纲要；3、赤峰市松山区国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划纲要；4、国务院关于实施西部大开发若干政策措施的通知；5、内蒙古自治区三七扶贫攻坚计划；6、赤峰市松山区2009-2020年工业发展规划；7、国家发改委2005年第40号令产业结构调整指导目录(2005年本)；8、中华人民共和国环境保护法及中华人民共和国劳动安全法；9、国土资源、环保、水利、建设等相关部门的支持性文件。(二)技术依据：1、内蒙古自治区国民经济统计资料；2、原国家经贸委颁布的轻工业建设项目可行性研究报告编制内容深度规定；3、建设项目经济评价方法与参数；4、中国国际工程咨询公司投资项目经
36、济咨询评估指南；5、赤峰市松山区赤峰禾田节水材料有限公司提供的各类项目基础材料。二、可行性研究主要内容本可行性研究报告依据国家、自治区及赤峰市、松山区“十二五”发展规划，以及国家对农牧业产业、化工工业的相关产业政策，在深入分析我市及国内PE节水管材市场现状及发展趋势的基础上，认真考察项目建设单位的生产经营状况以及融资能力，经充分调查、分析论证后，编制本可行性研究报告。可行性研究报告的编制范围包括：1、项目承办企业概况及项目基本情况；2、项目建设必要性及可行性；3、市场需求预测；4、生产工艺与建设规模；5、建厂条件和厂址方案；6、工程技术方案；7、对环境影响的研究；8、劳动卫生与安全；9、企业组
37、织与劳动定员；10、项目实施进度建议；11、投资估算与资金筹措；12、财务评价与经济效益分析；13、研究结论与建议。通过对本项目在技术和经济上可行性的研究，对工程技术方案的论证以及对经济效益的评价，全面论证本项目建设的可行性、必要性及科学性，拟定切合实际的建设方案，供领导部门和建设单位在决策项目时参考。第四节 主要编制原则1、必须符合国家有关部委关于编制建设工程项目规范和标准要求。2、编制过程中坚持“客观、公正、科学、可靠”的原则，对项目的市场需求、建设规模、经济效益、社会效益、环境效益和各种风险等进行充分调查和论证，真实、全面地反映项目的有利和不利因素，提出可供选择的建议。3、结合当地的政策
38、、法规,按照有关部门的编制要求，对建设项目做出客观的技术经济评价，对项目中尚未解决的问题，如实提出建设性的意见和建议。4、采用先进设备和先进技术的原则；5、体现现行的技术政策。将实现循环经济、可持续发展等技术政策体现在设计方案中；6、突出项目重点。该项目的重点是突出项目的节水及环保效益，减少环境污染保障群众生命健康，实现构建节约型社会的根本目标。7、设计指标的确定，力求先进合理，符合实际。8、在吸收国内外先进技术基础上做到先进、可靠、成熟。主要设备立足国内制造，国产化率达到85以上，自控方案要先进、可靠、做到低能耗、低污染、低成本。第五节 研究结论1、赤峰禾田节水材料有限公司年产1.5万吨PE
39、节水管材建设项目，适应赤峰市经济的发展要求，该项目的开办，符合国家的产业政策。2、赤峰禾田节水材料有限公司年产1.5万吨PE节水管材建设项目，对经济增长和创造就业机会有直接的贡献。3、赤峰禾田节水材料有限公司年产1.5万吨PE节水管材建设项目，有助于降低社会的交易成本，优化配置建材流通领域中的各种资源，提高国民经济运行效率。4、赤峰禾田节水材料有限公司年产1.5万吨PE节水管材建设项目，可以推动制造业、商业、运输业等产业的健康发展。5、赤峰禾田节水材料有限公司年产1.5万吨PE节水管材建设项目投资设计合理，经济和社会效益较好,可行性较强。第二章 项目建设必要性及可行性第一节 项目提出的背景一、
40、PE特性及主要用途塑料是一类高分子化合物，塑料制品以合成树脂为主要原料，添加适量的增塑料、稳定剂、抗氧剂等助剂，在一定的塑化条件下加工而成。目前我国容许使用的食品容器、包装材料及以及于制造食品用工具、设备的热塑料塑料有聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、偏氯乙烯、聚碳 酸酯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇脂、尼龙、不饱和聚酯树脂等。聚乙烯英文名称：polyethylene ，简称PE，是乙烯经聚合制得的一种热塑性树脂。聚乙烯无臭，无毒,手感似蜡,具有优良的耐低温性能(最低使用温度可达-70-100),化学稳定性好,能耐大多数酸碱的侵蚀(不耐具有氧化性质的酸),常温下不溶于一般溶剂,吸水性小,电绝缘性能优良聚乙烯(P
41、E)是塑料一种,我们常常提的方便袋就是聚乙烯(PE).聚乙烯是结构最简单的高分子，也是应用最广泛的高分子材料。它是由重复的CH2单元连接而成的。聚乙烯是通过乙烯（ CH2=CH2 ）的加成聚合而成的。 聚乙烯（PE）是通用合成树脂中产量最大的品种，主要包括低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）、线型低密度聚乙烯（LLDPE）、高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）及一些具有特殊性能的产品。 聚乙烯为白色蜡状半透明材料，柔而韧，比水轻，无毒，具有优越的介电性能。透水率低，对有机蒸汽透过率则较大。聚乙烯的透明度随结晶度增加而下降在一定结晶度下，透明度随分子量增大而提高。高密度聚乙烯熔点范围为132-135oC，低密度聚乙烯熔
42、点较低（112oC）且范围宽。常温下不溶于任何已知溶剂中，70oC以上可少量溶解于甲苯、乙酸戊 聚乙烯酯、三氯乙烯等溶剂中。聚乙烯有优异的化学稳定性，室温下耐盐酸、氢氟酸、磷酸、甲酸、胺类、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾等各种化学物质，硝酸和硫酸对聚乙烯有较强的破坏作用。聚乙烯容易光氧化、热氧化、臭氧分解，在紫外线作用下容易发生降解，碳黑对聚乙烯有优异的光屏蔽作用。受辐射后可发生交联、断链、形成不饱和基团等反映。 1933年，英国卜内门化学工业公司发现乙烯在高压下可聚合生成聚乙烯。此法于1939年工业化，通称为高压法。1953年联邦德国 K.齐格勒发现以 TiCl4-Al(C2H5)3为催化剂,乙烯在较低
43、压力下也可聚合。此法由联邦德国赫斯特公司于1955年投入工业化生产，通称为低压法聚乙烯。50年代初期，美国菲利浦石油公司发现以氧化铬-硅铝胶为催化剂,乙烯在中压下可聚合生成高密度聚乙烯,并于1957年实现工业化生产。60年代,加拿大杜邦公司开始以乙烯和 烯烃用溶液法制成低密度聚乙烯。1977年，美国联合碳化物公司和陶氏化学公司先后采用低压法制成低密度聚乙烯，称作线型低密度聚乙烯，其中以联合碳化物公司的气相法最为重要。线型低密度聚乙烯性能与低密度聚乙烯相似，而又兼有高密度聚乙烯的若干特性，加之生产中能量消耗低，因此发展极为迅速，成为最令人注目的新合成树脂之一。聚乙烯是大宗基础化工原料之一，塑料加
44、工中占有相当大的比重，在国民经济中占有重要的地位。在2008-2011年间，亚太地区的聚乙烯新项目主要位于中国、印度和韩国，中国将继续成为动力源泉。中国正成为世界上最大的PE薄膜和包装袋出口国，大量供应北美、西欧和日本。另外各行业对薄膜、编织袋、管材、电缆料、中空容器、周转箱等制品需求旺盛将带动聚乙烯消费量增长。因此中国聚乙烯产能仍将快速增长，预计到2010年中国聚乙烯产量将达到1700万吨左右，需求量将达到1414万吨，市场开发前景看好。 聚乙烯可用吹塑、挤出、注射成型等方法加工，广泛应用于制造薄膜、中空制品、纤维和日用杂品等。在实际生产中，为了提高聚乙烯对紫外线和氧化作用的稳定性，改善加工
45、及使用性能，需加入少量塑料助剂。常用的紫外线吸收剂为邻羟基二苯甲酮或其烷氧基衍生物等，炭黑是优良的紫外线屏蔽剂。此外，还加入抗氧剂、润滑剂、着色剂等，使聚乙烯的应用范围更加扩大。聚乙烯（PE）是中国通用合成树脂中应用最广泛的品种，主要用来制造薄膜、容器、管道、单丝、电线电缆、日用品等，并可作为电视、雷达等的高频绝缘材料。随着石油化工的发展，聚乙烯生产得到迅速发展，产量约占塑料总产量的1/4。中国国民经济的持续高速发展，为合成树脂工业营造了有利的发展氛围，聚乙烯（PE）产业更是以较快的速度增长。二、项目提出的理由与过程近年来，随着国民经济的快速发展，人民物质生活水平日益提高，节能、环保已成为时代
46、的主题，在此背景下，迫切需要采用节能环保型的新型管道来取代原有落后、陈旧的水泥管、铸铁管等管道，这使新型塑料管道得到了快速发展。特别是自1999 年以来，关于加强技术创新推进化学建材产业化的若干意见、关于在住宅建设中淘汰落后产品的通知、建设部推广应用和限制禁止技术、国家化学建材产业“十五”计划和2010 年发展规划纲要等政策的相继出台，有效推动和规范了新型塑料管道的健康、快速发展，市场对新型塑料管道的接受度得到了大幅度提高。 在城乡给水管道领域，目前主要有球墨铸铁管、钢筋混凝土管、PVC 管和PE 管四个品种。其中钢筋混凝土管、球墨铸铁管接头容易漏水、工程造价高，在口径630mm 以内竞争力较
47、弱；PVC 管道早期使用非常普及，随着近年来的“禁铅”运动以及PVC 自身低温抗冲击强度差的缺点，不适宜在北方低温地区使用，近年来市场逐年下滑。PE 给水管以重量轻、耐腐蚀、韧性好、耐低温、抗应力开裂、施工便捷可靠等优点，在城乡给水领域具有很大的优势，并得到广泛的应用，尤其是近年兴起的农村饮水安全项目建设，极大地推动了PE 给水管道的快速发展。 2009 年我国城乡给水PE 管道的消费量约83 万吨，预计2010 年将达到100 万吨。市场增长速度极快。建筑内冷热水管道目前多以PPR 管道为主，在使用过程中普通PPR 耐低温抗冲击性不够，制约了PPR 在北方地区的进一步发展以及在农村地区的推广
48、。PE材料有效解决了同时耐高低温的特性，可以适用于建筑内冷热水供应、散热片采暖等领域。该产品必将在北方地区建筑内冷热水供应和采暖市场占据较高的市场份额。松山区位于内蒙古自治区东部、蒙、冀、辽三省区交汇处，地处东北和华北经济区的结合部，是东北经济圈和环渤海经济圈的重要组成部分，其优越的区位优势和综合交通体系，是本项目建设的基础性条件。随着赤大、赤通、赤朝高速公路和赤大白铁路的建成通车，松山区的综合交通环境将进一步改善，松山区建设建筑材料市场将会成为全国建材的物流节点，起到联系东北、华北两大经济区域的重要纽带。“十二五”时期，赤峰市中心城市以建设北方现代山水园林城市为目标，打造蒙东百万人口的中心城市，承接京津、沈大等大城市辐射，带动区域经济加快发展。城关镇要建设成为基础设施和社会服务比较完善、产业支撑能力充分的经济强镇。未来10年，市区人口预期达到200万人左右，城镇化率达到45%以上。随着社会主义向农村建设的不断深入，设施农业、节水农业进一步发展赤峰地区将迎来持续的建设高峰，塑料PE管道市场前景广阔。 第二节 项目建设的必要性随着我国城市化建设的快速推进、新农村建设热潮、低碳经济的兴起，在国家产业政策的大力支持下，我国大力扶持塑料管道的发展，P
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