1、attack.John was presented with his award at a ceremony which recognized the bravery of ten people who had saved the life of another.John was studying in his room when he heard screaming. When he and his father rushed outside, a man ran from the scene. They discovered that Anne Slade, mother of three
2、, had been stabbed repeatedly with a knife. She was lying in her front garden bleeding very heavily. Her hands had almost been cut off.It was Johns quick action and knowledge of first aid that saved Ms Slades life. He immediately asked a number of nearby people for bandages, but when nobody could pu
3、t their hands on any, his father got some tea towels and tape from their house. John used these to treat the most severe injuries to Ms Slades hands. He slowed the bleeding by applying pressure to the wounds until the police and ambulance arrived.“Im proud of what I did but I was just doing what Id
4、been taught,” John said.John had taken parting in the Young Lifesaver Scheme at his high school. When congratulating John, Mr Alan Southerton, Director of the Young Lifesaver Scheme said, “There is no doubt that Johns quick thinking and the first aid skills he learned at school saved Ms Slades life.
5、 It shows that a knowledge of first aid can make a real difference.”Before receiving their awards last night, John and the nine other Life Savers attended a special reception yesterday hosted by the Prime Minister.选修六Unit 1 A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTINGArt is influenced by the customs and fait
6、h of a people. Styles in Western art have changed many times. As there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text. Consequently, this text will describe only the most important ones, starting from the sixth century AD.The Middle A
7、ges (5th to the 15th century AD)During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes. A conventional artist of this period was not interested in showing nature and people as they really were. A typical picture at this time was full of religious symbols, which created a
8、feeling of respect and love for God. But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious scenes in a more realistic way.The Renaissance (15th to 16th century)During the Renaissance, new ideas and values gradually replaced thos
9、e held in the Middle Ages. People began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. At the same time painters returned to classical Roman and Greek ideas about art. They tried to paint people and nature as they really were. Rich people wanted to possess thei
10、r own paintings. so they could decorate their superb palaces and great houses. They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themselves, their houses and possessions as well as their activities and achievements.One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things in perspe
11、ctive. This technique was first used by Masaccio in 1428. When people first saw his paintings, they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a real scene. If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, on one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. By co
12、incidence, oil paints were also developed at this time, which made the colors used in paintings look richer and deeper. Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to see the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous.Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century
13、)In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal, from a mostly agricultural society to a mostly industrial one. Many people moved from the countryside to the new cities. There were many new inventions and social changes. Naturally, these changes also led to new painting styles. Among the pain
14、ters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worked in Paris.The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors. They were eager to show how light and shadow fell on objects at different times of day. However, because natural light change
15、s so quickly, the Impressionists had to paint quickly. Their paintings were not as detailed as those of earlier painters. At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very angry about it. They said that the painters were careless and their paintings were ridiculous.Modern Art (20
16、th century to today)At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintings were controversial, but today they are accepted as the beginning of what we call “modern art”. This is because the Impressionists encouraged artists to look at their environment in new ways. There are scores of modern art
17、 styles, but without the Impressionists, many of these painting styles might not exist. On the one hand, some modern art is abstract; that is, the painter does not attempt to paint objects as we see them with our eyes, but instead concentrates on certain qualities of the object, using color, line an
18、d shape to represent them. On the other hand, some paintings of modern art are so realistic that they look like photographs. These styles are so different. Who can predict what painting styles there will be in the future? THE BEST OF MANHATTANS ART GALLERIESThe Frick Collection (5th Avenue and E.70t
19、h Street)Many art lovers would rather visit this small art gallery than any other in New York. Henry Clay Frick, a rich New Yorker, died in 1919, leaving his house, furniture and art collection to the American people. Frick had a preference for per-twentieth century Western paintings, and these are
20、well-represented in this excellent collection. You can also explore Fricks beautiful home and garden which are well worth a visit.Guggenheim Museum (5th Avenue and 88th Street)This museum owns 5,000 superb modern paintings, sculptures and drawings. These art works are not all displayed at the same t
21、ime. The exhibition is always changing. It will appeal to those who love Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings. The Guggenheim Museum building is also world-famous. When you walk into the gallery, you feel as if you were inside a fragile, white seashell. The best way to see the paintings is
22、 to start from the top floor and walk down to the bottom. There are no stairs, just a circular path. The museum also has an excellent restaurant.Metropolitan Museum of Art (5th Avenue and 82nd Street)The reputation of this museum lies in the variety of its art collection. This covers more than 5,000
23、 years of civilization from many parts of the world, including America, Europe, China, Egypt, other African countries and South America. The museum displays more than just the visual delights of art. It introduces you to ancient ways of living. You can visit an Egyptian temple, a fragrant Ming garde
24、n, a typical room in an 18th century French house and many other special exhibitions.Museum of Modern Art ( 53rd Street. Between 5th and 6th Avenues)It is amazing that so many great works of art from the late 19th century to the 21st century are housed in the same museum. The collection of Western a
25、rt includes paintings by such famous artists as Monet, Van Gogh, Picasso and Matisse. A few words of warning: the admission price is not cheap and the museum is often very crowded.Whitney Museum of American Art (945 Madison Avenue, near 75th Street)The Whitney holds an excellent collection of contem
26、porary American painting and sculpture. There are no permanent displays in this museum and exhibitions change all the time. Every two years, the Whitney holds a special exhibition of new art by living artists. The museum also shows videos and films by contemporary video artists.Unit 2 A FEW SIMPLE F
27、ORMS OF ENGLISH POEMSThere are various reasons why people write poetry. Some poems tell a story or describe something in a way that will give the reader a strong impression. Others try to convey certain emotions. Poets use many different forms of poetry to express themselves. In this text, however,
28、we will look at a few of the simpler forms.Some of the first poetry a young child learns in English is nursery rhymes. These rhymes like the one on the right (A) are still a common type of childrens poetry. The language is concrete but imaginative, and they delight small children because they rhyme,
29、 have strong rhythm and a lot of repetition. The poems may not make sense and even seem contradictory, but they are easy to learn and recite. By playing with the words in nursery rhymes, children learn about language.Hush,新能源有限公司建设20MW/年光伏组件项目可行性研究报告目 录1. 总论.12. 企业情况.23. 市场分析与预测.34. 拟建规模.45.厂址和自然条件.
30、56. 物料供应及生产协作.317. 工程设计方案.328. 环境保护.689. 职业安全卫生.7010. 消防.7511. 项目进度安排和实施管理.7912. 工程建设招标.8213. 总投资及资金来源.8214. 经济效益和社会效益分析.9015. 风险分析.9916. 可研报告的主要结论.1021.总论1.1. 项目名称及建设单位项目名称:建设20MWp/年光伏组件及项目建设单位:潍坊新能源有限公司企业法人代表:韩素祥注册地址:山东省潍坊市桐荫街XXX号1.2. 可研报告编制依据1)山东省经济和信息化委员会鲁经信备案【2011】36 号山东省企业投资项目备案通知书2)国家十二五规划节能减
31、排政策3)山东省人民政府关于加快发展新能源产业的若干意见4)山东天同宏基控股集团公司发展战略与规划(2011-2015)及山东天同宏基控股集团公司2011年度综合计划.5) 潍坊新能源有限公司二五发展规划及2011 年年度生产经营计划。1.3. 项目建设背景及投资必要性1.3.1. 项目建设背景（1）目前国内外的能源形势我国是世界上最大的能源消费国之一,同时也是世界能源生产的大国。随着国民经济的快速增长,2009 年能源消费总量增至 31 亿吨标准煤(tce),比 2008 年增长了 8.7%。2009 年各种一次能源比例为:煤炭占69.7%、石油占20.3%、天然气占3.0%、水电占6.0%
32、、核电占0.8%。2009 年,中国的原油进口达到1.89 亿吨,大约是中国原油总需求的50%。预测到2020 年,中国一次能源需求量为35 亿吨标准煤,煤炭供应量为29 亿吨,石油为6.1 亿吨 ; 然而,到 2020 年我国煤炭生产的最大可能约为22 亿吨左右,石油的最高产量也只有2.0 亿吨,供需缺口分别为7 亿吨和4.1 亿吨。显然,要满足未来社会经济发展对于能源的需求,完全依靠煤炭、石油等常规能源是不现实的。图一 我国各种一次性能源储采比与世界比较表我国能源供应状况为煤炭消耗比重过大,环境压力沉重。能源技术落后,系统效率低,产品能耗高,资源浪费大。我国能源供应面临严峻挑战:一是能源决
33、策国际环境复杂化,对国外石油资源依存度快速加大,二是化石能源可持续供应能力遭遇严重挑战。长远来看,能源资源及其供应能力将对我国能源系统的可持续性构成严重威胁。显然,从能源资源、环境保护的角度,如此高的能源需量,如果继续维持目前的能源构架是绝对不可行的。因此,在大力提高能效的同时,积极开发和利用可再生能源,特别是资源量最大,分布最普遍的太阳能将是我国的必由之路。当前人类社会面临的一大难题就是能源紧缺,日本预测化石燃料峰值在2020年至2030年;Shell公司预测化石燃料峰值在2020年至2030年;石油开采协会预测油气开采峰值在2012年;BP 预测油气开采峰值在2010年,30-40年耗尽;
34、华盛顿世界资源研究所预测油气峰值在2019 年。综合上述预测,本世纪人类能源结构将发生根本性变革。化石燃料开采峰值距今只有十几到二十几年,形势非常严峻,如何解决能源紧缺的问题已成为全球性的热门话题。太阳能作为一种可永续利用的清洁能源,有着巨大的开发应用潜力,人类赖以生存的自然资源几乎全部转换自太阳能,人类利用太阳能的历史是可以追溯到人类起源时期,太阳能是人类赖以生存和发展的最基础的能源形式。从现代科技的发展来看,太阳能开发利用技术的进步可能决定着人类未来的生活方式。随着一次性能源面临枯竭和社会发展对能源需求的增加,加剧了全球能源紧张。人类社会的可持续发展,急需取之不尽的新能源。另外,环境恶化的
35、压力和减排CO2 的需要,促进了可再生能源的利用。利用太阳光的照射,将光变成电的光伏技术是最直接和最有效的途径和方法,在今后几十年至一百年,传统的火力发电(煤、油、天燃气)将越来越少,核能将停止使用,水力发电不再增加,而太阳能发电必将成为供能的主流。(2) 世界可再生能源及太阳能光伏产业发展现状可再生能源(又称新能源)利用技术已经取得了长足的发展,并在世界各地形成了一定的规模。目前,太阳能、风能、生物质能以及水力发电、地热能等的利用技术已经得到了应用。国际能源署(IEA)对20002030 年国际电力的需求进行了研究,研究表明,来自可再生能源的发电总量年平均增长速度将最快。IEA 的研究认为,
36、在未来30 年内非水利的可再生能源发电将比其他任何燃料的发电都要增长得快,年增长速度近6%在20002030 年间其总发电量将增加5 倍,到2030年,它将提供世界总电力的4.4%。目前可再生能源在一次能源中的比例总体上偏低,一方面是与不同国家的重视程度与政策有关,另一方面与可再生能源技术的成本偏高有关,尤其是技术含量较高的太阳能、生物质能、风能等。据IEA 的预测研究,随着各国政府对发展可再生能源的政策鼓励和科学技术的不断创新,未来30年可再生能源发电的成本将大幅度下降,并逐步替代传统能源发电。我国政府高度重视可再生能源的研究与开发。国家经贸委制定了可再生能源和可再生能源产业发展的“十一五”
37、规划,人大制定颁布了中华人民共和国可再生能源法,重点发展太阳能光热利用、风力发电、生物质能高效利用和地热能的利用。近年来在国家的大力扶持下,我国在太阳能利用、风力发电以及海洋能潮汐发电等领域已经取得了很大的进展。可再生能源(又称新能源)主要有:太阳能、风能、地热能、生物质能等。生物质能在经过了几十年的探索后,国内外许多专家都表示这种能源方式不能大力发展,它不但会抢夺人类赖以生存的土地资源,更将会导致社会不健康发展;地热能的开发和空调的使用具有同样特性,如大规模开发必将导致区域地面表层土壤环境遭到破坏,必将引起再一次生态环境变化;而太阳能和风能对于地球来讲是取之不尽、用之不竭的健康能源,他们必将
38、成为今后替代能源主流。太阳能光伏发电具有布置简便以及维护方便等特点,应用面较广,现在全球装机总容量已经开始追赶传统风力发电,在德国甚至接近全国发电总量的5%-8%,最近10年太阳能光伏产业的年平均增长率达到33%,最近5 年的年平均增长率达到43%,2009 年世界太阳能电池产量达到10GW,累计发货量达到17GW。而中国2009 年太阳能电池的产量达到了2800MWp,位居世界第一大光伏电池生产国,同时也是世界第一光伏组件生产国。世界光伏产业和市场的另一个突出特点是:光伏发电在能源中的替代功能越来越大,主要表现在并网发电的应用比例增加非常快,并成为太阳能发电的主导。并网发电在光伏市场中的主导
39、地位在人类能源变革中具有重要意义,它标志着光伏发电由边远地区离网和特殊应用向电网电源发展、由补充能源向替代能源转变、人类社会开始建设可持续发展的能源体系。(3) 世界光伏技术发展趋势技术进步是降低成本、促进发展的根本原因。几十年来人们围绕着降低成本的各项研究开发工作取得了辉煌的成就,表现在电池效率的不断提高, 硅片厚度的持续降低和产业化技术不断改进以及跟踪装置的精密化和智能化等方面,对降低光伏产业制造成本起到了决定性的作用。1)电池效率的不断提高现阶段各种光伏电池及新材料的应用层出不穷,但晶体硅太阳能电池仍将以成熟的技术和广阔的市场前景,在未来20 年内占据主导地位。单晶硅电池的实验室最高效率
40、已经从50 年代的6%提高到目前的24.7%,多晶硅电池的实验室最高效率也达到了20.3% 。商品化电池的效率也不断提升。目前单晶硅电池的效率已达到16%21%,多晶硅电池已达到15%18%;与此同时,光伏产业材料技术和光伏系统优化技术与时俱进,共同促使光伏发电成本不断降低和光伏市场及产业的持续扩大发展。2)商业化电池厚度持续降低降低硅片厚度是减少硅材料消耗、降低晶体硅太阳电池成本的有效技术措施,是光伏技术进步的重要方面。30 多年来,太阳电池硅片厚度从20 世纪70 年代的45020m 降低到目前的180280m,降低了一半以上,硅材料用量大大减少,对太阳电池成本降低起到了重要作用,是技术进
41、步促进降低成本的重要范例之一。预计2010 年硅片厚度将降至150200m,2020年将降低到80100m,届时成本将相应大幅降低。(4) 国内太阳能光伏市场发展现状我国于1958 年开始研究光伏电池,1971 年首次成功应用于我国发射的东方红二号卫星上,1973 年开始将其用于地面系统。2002 年,国家计委启动“西部省区无电乡通电计划”,通过光伏和小型风力发电解决西部七省区(西藏、新疆、青海、甘肃、内蒙古、陕西和宁夏) 700 多个无电乡的用电问题,光伏用量达到15.5MWp。该项目大大刺激了国内光伏工业,国内建起了几条太阳能电池的封装线,使太阳能电池的年生产量迅速达到100MWp(200
42、2 年当年产量20MWp)。截止到2003 年底,中国太阳能电池的累计装机已经达到55MWp。2003-2005 年,由于欧洲光伏市场的拉动中国的光伏生产能力迅速增长,截止到2009 年底,中国太阳电池的生产能力已经达到2800 MWp,绝大部分太阳能电池组件出口欧洲,2006 年国内安装量只有10 MWp,2007 年为20 MWp, 2008 年的安装量约为40MWp,2009 年达到100MWp。下表给出中国光伏发电市场的发展进程。表一中国光伏发电各年装机及累计装机一览表：年 份199520002002200420052006200720082009年装机/kWp155033002030
43、010000200100002000040000100000累计装机/kWp663019000420062007000080000100000140000240000(5) 国内太阳能光伏市场前景中国的光伏发电市场2009 年以前主要用于边远地区农村电气化、通信和工业应用以及太阳能光伏商品,包括太阳能路灯、草坪灯、太阳能交通信号灯以及太阳能景观照明等。由于成本很高,并网光伏发电一直处于示范阶段。截止到2008 各类光伏发电市场份额分布见下表：表二2008 中国各类光伏发电市场份额一览表:市场分类累计装机(MWp)市场份额(%)农村电气化57.8241.3通信和工业47.3233.8太阳能光伏产
44、品2820.0建筑并网发电6.724.8大型荒漠并网发电0.520.3合 计140 100所有这些应用领域中,大约有53.8%属于商业化的市场(通信工业和太阳能光伏产品),而另外的46.2%则属于需要政府和政策支持的市场,包括农村电气化和并网光伏发电。2009 年中国政府陆续推出“太阳能屋顶计划”和“金太阳工程”,对国内的太阳能电站、光电建筑投资者进行补贴。未来2 至3 年,受“金太阳”和“太阳能屋顶计划”补贴的大规模并网发电光伏项目将达2.5GW 至3GW。根据可再生能源中长期发展规划,2010 年,中国可再生能源消费量要达到能源消费总量的10%左右,2020 年这一比例将达到15%。根据这
45、个比例中国可再生能源协会得出研究结论,未来10 年国内将有一个高达1 万亿美元的可再生能源市场。2009 年10 月17 日,中国国务院参事、中国可再生能源学会理事长石定寰透露,“中国对到2020 年的太阳能发电规划目标将有重大调整,较之以前的规划目标有10 余倍的增长。”这就意味着太阳能发电量将达到2000 万至3000 万千瓦。1.3.2. 投资的必要性(1) 合理开发利用光能资源,符合能源产业发展方向2005 年2 月28 日中国人大通过的可再生能源法(自2006 年1 月1日开始实施)要求中国的发电企业必须用可再生能源(主要是太阳能和风能)。生产一定比例的电力。在党的十四届五中全会上通
46、过的中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展“九五”计划和2010 年远景目标的建议要求“积极发展可再生能源,改善能源结构”。在国家发改委2007 年4 月所作的能源发展“十一五”规划中再次强调了未来五年在可再生能源领域要重点建设实现产业化发展。国家计委、国家科委、国家经贸委制定的1996-2010 年新能源和可再生能源发展纲要则进一步明确,要按照社会主义市场经济的要求,加快新能源和可再生能源的发展和产业建设步伐。太阳能是一种取之不尽、用之不竭的自然能源,而我国拥有非常丰富的太阳能资源亟待开发,青藏高原、甘肃北部、宁夏北部和新疆南部等地是太阳能丰富的地区，华北地区是太阳能较丰富地区。太阳能资源丰富,对环境无任何污染,是满足可持续发展需求的理想能源之一。在广阔的乡镇、边远地区广泛利用,可以说是一种永续利用、对环境影响极小的能源,不论是现在或是未来,如果开发利用太阳能资源,完全可以减少对化石能源的依赖以致达到替代部分化石燃料的目标,这对全
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