1、personify the vanishing aristocracy of the South, still maintaining a black servant and being ruthless betrayed by a moneymaking Yankee. Sometimes a part of a characters body or an attribute may convey symbolic meaning, for example, a baleful eye in Edgar Allan Poes “The Tell-Tale Heart.” 4. Symbol
2、used in works of fiction is the symbolic act Another kind of symbol commonly employed in works of fiction is the symbolic act: an act or a gesture with larger significance than its literal meaning. Captain Ahab in Melvilles Moby-Dick deliberately snaps his tobacco pipe and throws it away before sett
3、ing out in pursuit of the huge whale, a gesture suggesting that he is determined to take his revenge and will let nothing to distract him from it. Another typical symbolic act is the burning of the barn by the boys father in Faulkners “Barn Burning”: it is an act of no mere destroying a barn, but an
4、 expression of his profound spite and hatred towards that class of people who have driven his family out of his land. His hatred extends to anything he does not possess himself and, beyond that, burning a barn reflects the fathers memories of the “waste and extravagance of war” and the “element of f
5、ire spoke to some deep mainspring” in his being.5. A symbol is a tropeIn a broad literary sense, a symbol is a trope that combines a literal and sensuous quality with an necessary or suggestive aspect. However, in literary criticism it is necessary to distinguish symbol from image, metaphor, and, es
6、pecially, allegory.An imageAn image is a literal and concrete representation of a sensory experience or of an object that can be known by one or more of the senses. It is the means by which experience in its richness and emotional complexity is communicated. (Holman and Harmon, A Handbook to Literat
7、ure, 1986) Images may be literal or figurative, a literal image being one that involves no necessary change or extension in the obvious meaning of the words. Prose works are usually full of this kind of image. For example, novels and stories by Conard and Hemingway are noted for the evocative power
8、of their literal images. A figurative image is one that involves a “turn” on the literary meaning of the words. For example, in the lines “It is a beauteous evening, calm and free; /The holy time is quiet as a nun,” the second line is highly figurative while the first line evokes a literal image. We
9、 consider an image, whether literal or figurative, to have a concrete referent in the objective world and to function as image when it powerfully evokes that referent; whereas a symbol functions like an image but differs from it in going beyond the evocation of the objective referent by making that
10、referent suggest to the reader a meaning beyond itself. In other words, a sysmbol is an image that evokes an objective, concrete reality, but then that reality suggests another level of meaning directly; it evokes an object that suggests the meaning, with the emphasis being laid on the latter part.
11、As Coleridge said, “It partakes of the reality which it renders intelligible.Metaphor A metaphor is an implied analogy imaginatively identifying one object with another and ascribing to the first object one or more of the qualities of the second, or investing the first with emotional or imaginative
12、qualities associated with the second. It is not an uncommon literacy device in fiction, though it is more commonly used in poetry while simile is more commonly used in prose. A metaphor emphasizes rich suggestiveness in the differences between the things compared and the recognition of surprising bu
13、t unsuspected similarities. Cleanth Brooks uses the term “functional metaphor” to describe the way in which the metaphor is able to have “referential” and “emotive” characteristics, and to go beyond those characteristics to become a direct means in itself of representing a truth incommunicable by ot
14、her means. When a metaphor performs this function, it is behaving as a symbol. But a symbol differs from a metaphor in that a metaphor evokes an object in order to illustrate an idea or demonstrate a quality, whereas a symbol embodies the idea or the quality.AllegoryAn allegory is a story in which p
15、ersons, places, actions, and things are equated with meanings that lie outside of the story itself. Thus it represents one thing in the guise of anotheran abstraction in the form of a concrete image. A clear example is the old Arab fable of the frog and scorpion, who me one day on the bank of the Ni
16、le, which they both wanted to cross. The frog offered to ferry the scorpion over on his back, provided the scorpion promised not to sting him. The scorpion agreed so long as the frog would promise not to drown him. The mutual promise exchanged, they crossed the river. On the far bank the scorpion st
17、ung the frog mortally. “Why did you do that?” croaked the frog, as he lay dying. “Why?” replied the scorpion. “Were both Arabs, arent we?” If we substitute for the frog a “Mr. Goodwill” and for the scorpion “Mr. Treachery” or “Mr. Two-face”, and we make the river any river, and for “Were both Arabs”
18、 we substitute “Were both men,” we can make the fable into an allegory. In a simple allegory, characters and other ingredients often stand for other definite meanings, which are often abstractions. We have met such a character in the last chapter: Faith in Hawthornes “Young Goodman Brown.” A classic
19、al allegory is the medieval play Everyman, whose protagonist represents us all, and who, deserted by false friends named Kinddred and Goods, faces the judgment of God accompanied only by a faithful friend called Good Deeds. In John Bunyans Pilgrims Progress, the protagonist, Christian, struggles alo
20、ng the difficult road towards salvation, meeting along the way with such persons as Mr. Worldly Wiseman, who directs him into a comfortable path (a wrong turn), and the resident of a town called Fair Speech, among them a hypocrite named Mr. Facing-both-ways. One modern instance is George Orwells Ani
21、mal Farm, in which (among its double meanings) barnyard animals stand for human victims and totalitarian oppressors. Allegory attempts to evoke a dual interest, one in the events, characters, and setting presented, and the other in the ideas they are intended to convey or the significance they bear.
22、 Symbol differs from allegory, according to Coleridge, in that in allegory the objective referent evokes is without value until it acquires fixed meaning from its own particular structure of ideas, whereas a symbol includes permanent objective value, independent of the meanings that it may suggest.I
23、n a broad sense, all stories are symbolic, that is, the writer lends the characters and their actions some special significance. Of course, this is to think of symbol in an extremely broad and inclusive way. For the usual purpose of reading a story and understanding it, there is probably little poin
24、t in looking for symbolism in every word, in every stick or stone, in every striking fo a match, in every minor character. But to refuse to think about the symbolic meanings would be another way to misread a story. So to be on the alert for symbols when reading fiction is perhaps wiser than to ignor
25、e them.How, then, do we recognize a symbol in fiction when we meet it? Fortunately, the storyteller often givens the symbol particular emphasis. It may be mentioned repeatedly throughout the story; it may even be indicated in the title (“Araby,” “Barn Burning,” “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place”). At tim
26、es, a crucial symbol will open a story or end it. Unless an object, act, or character is given some special emphasis and importance, we may generally feel safe in taking it at face value. But an object, an act, or a character is surely symbolic if, when we finish the story, we realize that it was th
27、at burning of a barnwhich led us to the theme, the essential meaning of the story.Chapter Eight ImageThe image is seen as being one of two things: something that represents a thing in the “real” world; something is seen as its own thing, divorced from the burden of representing anything other than i
28、tself.What Is Image?“An image is that which represents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time.” (Ezra Pound) In a Station of the Metro The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough. 地铁车站 人群 粉面 幽灵 黝湿 枝头 花瓣Imagery, a rather vague critical term covering t
29、hose uses of language in a literary work that evoke senseimpressions by literal or figurative reference to perceptible or concrete objects, scenes, actions, or states, as distinct from the language of abstract argument or exposition. The imagery of a literary work thus comprises the set of images th
30、at it uses; these need not be mental pictures, but may appeal to senses other than sight.Images suggesting further meanings and associations in ways that go beyond the fairly simple identifications of metaphor and simile are often called symbols.The Five Senses Responding to Imaginative languageVisu
31、al Imagery: Imagery of SightVisual imagery is different from visual perception because visual perception requires the object to be actually present and visual imagery does not.Aural Imagery: Imagery of SoundAuditory imagery is something that represents a sound, which can be revealed both in poems an
32、d stories.Olfactory Imagery: Imagery of SmellOlfactory imagery stimulates the sense of smell, which olfactions unique cognitive architecture of evocation have led some to conclude that there is no capacity for olfactory imagery. a. Self-reports of olfactory can resemble those obtained for actual per
33、ception. b. Imaging an odor can produce effects similar to actual perception. c. Olfactory perception and memorybased images can interact. 4. Tactile Imagery: Imagery of Touch Tactile imagery stimulates the sense of touch, which is also called Haptic Imagery. 5. Gustatory Imagery: Imagery of TasteGu
34、statory imagery stimulates the sense of taste. “ Have a dill pickle, he said. He wanted to share with us: That seemed to me so right, soyou know what I mean?” From A Dill Pickle by Katherine Mansfield江西省德兴市百勤异VC钠有限公司生产废水处理工程及冷却水循环利用工程可行性研究报告南昌大学建筑研究设计院南昌大学环境与化学工程学院二九年九月编 制 单 位 ：南昌大学建筑研究设计院 南昌大学环境与化学
35、工程学院咨询资质证书：工咨甲1031223001法 人 代 表 ：贾益纲技术负责人 ： 赵 峻项目负责人 ： 朱乐辉证书(彩色复印件)编制人员名单姓名职称注册证书(号)签名朱乐辉教 授注册环保工程师(证书号：0000236 )环境影响评价工程师(证书号：0003671周 俊高级工程师二级注册建筑师(编号：2013600714)注册号:142507-0003注册咨询工程师(编号： )朱衷榜高级实验师校核人员名单姓名职称注册证书(号)签名程 鹏高级实验师孙 娟研究生审定人员名单姓名职称注册证书(号)签名贾益纲教授注册咨询工程师(编号： )注册化工工程师(编号： )前 言德兴市百勤异VC钠公司是一家
36、生产D-异抗坏血酸钠和D-异抗坏血酸的食品添加剂企业，生产过程有大量冷却水和高浓度有机废水产生。其中高浓度废水有精馏尾液、糖化洗板框(布)废水、提取洗板框(布)废水、发酵洗缸水、精制洗炭水，提取水(洗树脂柱)，各车间冲洗地面水和生活污水等。对精馏尾液(COD高达600000mg/L)处理，公司已采用由简易燃煤炉和滚筒组合而成的高浓度有机废水焚烧炉处理，这种焚烧炉是集废水预热、蒸发和焚烧为一体的逆流热交换系统。其基本原理是在高温下使废水中的有机物被破坏并转变为无机气体或固体残留物。正常生产时，精馏尾液均收集在废水贮槽内，经滚筒焚烧处理后达标排放。其它综合排放废水每天约1440m3， COD为44
37、90mg/L；另外，精馏车间和发酵车间有约16000m3/d的冷却水，pH呈中性，COD为30150mg/L。百勤异VC钠公司在其生产过程中产生的冷却水直接外排至体泉河，高浓度有机废水经原有的废水处理系统处理后直接外排至体泉河。因生产工艺改变和生产规模的提高，原有的废水处理系统很难达到良好的处理效果。为减轻对体泉流域水体造成污染，实施水资源可持续利用做出贡献，公司决定重新新建废水处理设施并新建冷却水循环系统。在拟选用废水治理技术方面，经过大量的调研，公司最终委托南昌大学建筑研究设计院与环境与化学工程学院对公司生产冷却水和废水进行处理。在此背景下，南昌大学建筑研究设计院受百勤异VC钠公司委托，依
38、据企业的总体规划编制百勤异VC钠公司日处理1500m3的废水和日处理16000m3循环冷却水项目可行性研究报告。编制人员于2009年7月赴百勤异VC钠公司。经过多次现场踏勘、搜集大量的基础资料，在德兴市环保局、发改委、建设局、水务局、电力公司、给排水公司等有关部门的协助下，对百勤异VC钠公司生产厂的地形、给水、排水现状进行了深入细致的调查研究和认真的综合分析，在此基础上完成了该项目可行性研究报告的编制工作。32personify the vanishing aristocracy of the South, still maintaining a black servant and being
39、 ruthless betrayed by a moneymaking Yankee. Sometimes a part of a characters body or an attribute may convey symbolic meaning, for example, a baleful eye in Edgar Allan Poes “The Tell-Tale Heart.” 4. Symbol used in works of fiction is the symbolic act Another kind of symbol commonly employed in work
40、s of fiction is the symbolic act: an act or a gesture with larger significance than its literal meaning. Captain Ahab in Melvilles Moby-Dick deliberately snaps his tobacco pipe and throws it away before setting out in pursuit of the huge whale, a gesture suggesting that he is determined to take his
41、revenge and will let nothing to distract him from it. Another typical symbolic act is the burning of the barn by the boys father in Faulkners “Barn Burning”: it is an act of no mere destroying a barn, but an expression of his profound spite and hatred towards that class of people who have driven his
42、 family out of his land. His hatred extends to anything he does not possess himself and, beyond that, burning a barn reflects the fathers memories of the “waste and extravagance of war” and the “element of fire spoke to some deep mainspring” in his being.5. A symbol is a tropeIn a broad literary sen
43、se, a symbol is a trope that combines a literal and sensuous quality with an necessary or suggestive aspect. However, in literary criticism it is necessary to distinguish symbol from image, metaphor, and, especially, allegory.An imageAn image is a literal and concrete representation of a sensory exp
44、erience or of an object that can be known by one or more of the senses. It is the means by which experience in its richness and emotional complexity is communicated. (Holman and Harmon, A Handbook to Literature, 1986) Images may be literal or figurative, a literal image being one that involves no ne
45、cessary change or extension in the obvious meaning of the words. Prose works are usually full of this kind of image. For example, novels and stories by Conard and Hemingway are noted for the evocative power of their literal images. A figurative image is one that involves a “turn” on the literary mea
46、ning of the words. For example, in the lines “It is a beauteous evening, calm and free; /The holy time is quiet as a nun,” the second line is highly figurative while the first line evokes a literal image. We consider an image, whether literal or figurative, to have a concrete referent in the objecti
47、ve world and to function as image when it powerfully evokes that referent; whereas a symbol functions like an image but differs from it in going beyond the evocation of the objective referent by making that referent suggest to the reader a meaning beyond itself. In other words, a sysmbol is an image that evokes an objective, concrete reality, but then that reality suggests another level of meaning directly; it evokes an object that suggests the meaning, with the emphasis being laid on the latter part. As Coleridge said, “It partakes of the reality which it renders intelligib
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