1、lties Citation A summons informing employers and employees of the regulations and standards that have been violated in the workplace. Penalties Are calculated based on the gravity of the violation and usually take into consideration factors like the size of the business, the firms compliance history
2、, and the employers good faith. 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16 12 Most Frequently Cited OSHA Standards: The Top 10 for 2002 Figure 164 Note:Data shown reflect Federal OSHA citations issued during the period October 2001 through September 2002. Penalty amounts represent the assessmen
3、t for the specified citation as of November 2002, taking into consideration all settlement adjustments. Standard Subject No. of Citations 1926.451 Scaffolding, General Requirements 8,423 1910.120 Hazard Communication 6,951 1926.501 Fall Protection 5,461 1910.134 Respiratory Protection 4,250 1910.147
4、 Lockout/Tagout 3,973 1910.305 Electrical, Wiring Methods 3,202 1910.212 Machines, General Requirements 2,878 1910.178 Powered Industrial Trucks 2,574 1910.303 Electrical Systems Design 2,291 1910.219 Mechanical Power-Transmission Apparatus 2,088 Source: James Nash, “Enforcement: Scaffolding Is Stil
5、l No. 1,” Occupational Hazards Jan. 2003, p. 14. 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16 13 Inspection Guidelines Initial Contact Refer the inspector to the companys OSHA coordinator. Check the inspectors credentials. Ask the inspector why he or she is inspecting the workplace: Complaint? Re
6、gular scheduled visit? Fatality or accident follow-up? Imminent danger? If the inspection stems from a complaint, you are entitled to know whether the person is a current employee, though not the persons name. Notify your counsel, who should review all requests for documents and information, as well
7、 as documents and information you provide. 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16 14 Inspection Guidelines (contd) Opening Conference Establish the focus and scope of the planned inspection. Discuss the procedures for protecting trade secret areas. Show the inspector you have safety program
8、s in place. He or she may not go to the work floor if paperwork is complete and up to date. 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16 15 Inspection Guidelines (contd) Walk-around inspection Accompany the inspector and take detailed notes. If the inspector takes a photo or video, you should, to
9、o. Ask for duplicates of all physical samples and copies of all test results. Be helpful and cooperative, but dont volunteer information. To the extent possible, immediately correct any violation the inspector identifies. 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16 16 Responsibilities and Rights
10、 of Employers Employer responsibilities To meet the duty to provide “a workplace free from recognized hazards.” To be familiar with mandatory OSHA standards. To examine workplace conditions to make sure they conform to applicable standards. Employer rights To seek advice and off-site consultation fr
11、om OSHA. To request and receive proper identification of the OSHA compliance officer before inspection. To be advised by the compliance officer of the reason for an inspection. 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16 17 Responsibilities and Rights of Employees Employee responsibilities To co
12、mply with all applicable OSHA standards To follow all employer safety and health rules and regulations. To report hazardous conditions to the supervisor. Employee rights The right to demand safety and health on the job without fear of punishment. OSHA cannot cite employees for violations of their re
13、sponsibilities. 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16 18 Dealing with Employee Resistance The employer is liable for any penalties that result from employees noncompliance with OSHA standards. Ways to gain compliance Bargain with the union for the right to discharge or discipline an employ
14、ee who disobeys an OSHA standard. Establish a formal employer-employee arbitration process for resolving OSHA-related disputes. Use positive reinforcement and training for gaining employee compliance. 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16 19 OSHA Safety Poster Figure 165 2005 Prentice Hall
15、 Inc. All rights reserved. 16 20 10 Ways To Get into Trouble with OSHA Ignore or retaliate against employees who raise safety issues. Antagonize or lie to OSHA during an inspection. Keep inaccurate OSHA logs and have disorganized safety files. Do not correct hazards OSHA has cited you for and ignore
16、 commonly cited hazards. Fail to control the flow of information during and after an inspection. Do not conduct a safety audit, or identify a serious hazard and do nothing about it. Do not use appropriate engineering controls. Do not take a systemic approach toward safety. Do not enforce safety rule
17、s. Ignore industrial hygiene issues. 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16 21 What Causes Accidents? Unsafe conditions Improperly guarded equipment Defective equipment Hazardous procedures in, on, or around machines or equipment Unsafe storagecongestion, overloading Improper illuminationgl
18、are, insufficient light Improper ventilationinsufficient air change, impure air source Unsafe acts 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16 22 Checklist of Mechanical or Physical Accident-Causing Conditions Figure 166 Source: Courtesy of the American Insurance Association. From “A Safety Comm
19、ittee Mans Guide,” p. 164. 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16 23 Safety Checklist Figure 167 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16 24 How to Prevent Accidents Remedy unsafe conditions Emphasize safety Select safety-minded employees Provide safety training Use posters, incentiv
20、e programs, and positive reinforcement to motivate employees Use behavior-based safety Use employee participation Conduct safety and health audits and inspections 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16 25 Cut-Resistant Gloves Ad Figure 168 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16 26
21、Employee Safety Responsibilities Checklist Figure 169 Source: Reprinted with permission of the publisher, HRN, Copyright HRN, 2003. 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 16 27 Reducing Unsafe Conditions and Acts: A Summary Table 161 Reduce Unsafe Conditions Identify and eliminate unsafe condi
22、tions. Use administrative means, such as job rotation. Use personal protective equipment. Reduce Unsafe Acts Emphasize top management commitment. Emphasize safety. Establish a safety policy. Reduce unsafe acts through selection. Provide safety training. Use posters and other propaganda. Use positive reinforcement. Use behavior-based safety programs. Encourage worker participation
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