1、.Chapter III The Romantic Period（一） 考核知识点1 浪漫主义时期概述 1） 浪漫主义时期英国社会的政治，经济，文化背景 2） 浪漫主义文学创作的基本主张 3） 英国浪漫主义文学的特色 4） 浪漫主义文学对同时代及后世英国文学的影响2 浪漫主义时期主要作家的文学创作思想及其代表作品的主题结构，人物塑造，语言风格，艺术手法及社会意义等。（二） 考核要求1 浪漫主义时期概述1）识记：a.浪漫主义时期的界定 b.历史文化背景2) 领会：a.浪漫主义思潮的意义与影响。 b.浪漫主义文学创作的基本主张及对后世文学的影响。3) 应用：a.名词解释：浪漫主义 b.浪漫主义时期
2、文学特点的分析 2 该时期的重要作家2） 领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构，人物塑造，语言风格，社会意义等。3） 应用：a.浪漫派诗歌（所选作品）的主题，意象分析b.小说傲慢与偏见的主题和主要人物的性格分析。.1. 一般识记 English RomanticismEnglish Romanticism is generally said to have began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridges Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with
3、 Sir Walter Scotts death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament.2. 识记 Historical and Cultural backgroundDuring this period, England had experienced profound economic and social change. The biggest social change in English history was the transfer of large number of the population
4、 from the countryside to the towns. As a result of the Enclosures（圈地运动） and the agricultural mechanization（农业机械化）, the peasants were driven of their land,it caused large-scale workers disturbances in England.3 领会（1） Influences of the Romantic Movement Romanticism constitutes a change of direction fr
5、om attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. In essence it designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the center of all life and all experience. It also places the individual at the center of art, making liter
6、ature most valuable as an expression of mans unique feelings and particular attitudes and in describing the individuals experiences.(2) The Romantic views about literaturea. The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats are the major Romantic poets.
7、They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution.b. The Romantic period is also a great age of prose. The two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.c. Besides poetry and prose, some writers have tried to
8、 write poetic dramas in this period.4 应用 (1) Literary Termsa. The Romantic Movement It expressed a more or less negative attitude towards the existing social and political conditions that came with industrialization and the growing importance of the bourgeoisie. The Romantics felt that the existing
9、society denied people their essential human needs, so they get rid of the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers.The Romantics saw man essentially as an free and independent individual and emphasized the special qualities of each individuals mind. Romanticism actuall
10、y constitutes a change of direction from attention to .(接上浪漫主义运动的影响)b. The Gothic novelIt is a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century and was one phase of the Romantic movement, its principal elements are violence, horror and the supernatural, which strongly appeal to th
11、e readers emotion. With its descriptions of the dark, irrational side of human nature, the Gothic form has a great influence to the writer of the Romantic period. Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romance. (2) Characteristics of Romantic literature in English history. The Romant
12、ic period is an age of poetry. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. Wordsworth and Coleridge were the major representatives of this movement. They explored new theories and innovated new techniques in poetry writing. They sa
13、w poetry as a healing energy which could purify both individual souls and the society. The Romantics not only praise the imagination, but also stress the concept of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something important for true poetry. Nature is not only the major source of poetic image
14、ry, but also provides the dominant subject matter.Wordsworth is the closest to nature.To escape from a rational world that had became materialistic and ugly, the Romantics would turn to other times and places, where the qualities they valued could be convincingly depicted. Romantics also tend to be
15、nationalistic, defending the great poets and dramatists of their own national against the advocates of classical rules who tended to glorify Rome,Italian and French neoclassical art. To the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules. Romantic writers are always seeking for the absolute and idea
16、l through the transcendence of the actual. They have also made bold experiments in poetic language, versification and design, and constructed a variety of forms on original principles of structure and style.I. William BlakeEnglish poet ,artist and philosopher, 1757-1827. Blake is the earliest major
17、English Romantic poets. His poems range from lyrics of childlike simplicity to mystical or prophetic(预言的) works of great complexity. As an artist he is best known for his engravings(雕刻).2. 识记 His political, religious and literary viewsBlake never tried to fit into the world,he was a rebel innocently
18、 and completely all his life. He was politically of the permanent left, Blake strongly criticized the capitalists cruel exploitation, meanwhile he had great expectations and enthusiasm for the French Revolution. Literarily Blake was the first important Romantic poet, showing contempt for the rule of
19、 reason, opposing the classical tradition of the 18th century and treasuring the individuals imagination.3. 领会 His poems (1) Early worksThe Songs of Innocence His Songs of Experience Blakes Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的结合marks his entry into maturity. The poem was composed during the climax of t
20、he French Revolution and it plays the double role both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy. In this poem, Blake explores the relationship of the contraries. Life is a continual conflict of give and take, of good and evil, of innocence and experience, of body and soul. “Without contraries,” Blak
21、e states, “there is no progression.” (2) Later worksIn his later period, Blake wrote quite a few prophetic books, which reveal him as the prophet of universal political and spiritual freedom and show the poet himself as the spokesman of revolt. The major ones are: The Book of Urizen(尤莱森之书),The Book
22、of Los(洛斯之书). And Milton (弥尔顿).4.领会 Characteristics of Blakes poemsBlake declare that “ I know that this world is a world of imagination and Vision,” and that “The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative.” As an imaginative poet, he presents his view in visual images instead of abstract terms.
23、 Blake writes his poems in plain and direct language. His poems often carry the lyric beauty with immense compression of meaning. He distrusts the abstractness and tends to embody his views with visual images. Symbolism in wide range is also a feature of his poetry.5. 应用 Select Readings: 1) The Chim
24、ney Sweeper (from Songs of Innocence)天真之歌Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings. For example, “ Holy Thursday” with its vision of charity children lit “ with a radiance all their own” reminds us a world of lo
25、ss and institutional cruelty. The poor child described in “ The Chimney Sweeper,” evokes unbearable poignancy when he finally puts his trust in the order of the universe as he knows it. In this volume, Blake, with his eager quest for new poetics forms and techniques, broke completely with the tradit
26、ions of the 18th century. He experimented in meter(音步) and rhymes（尾韵）and introduced bold metrical innovations which could not be found in the poetry of his contemporaries.In the 18th century, small boys sometimes no more than 4 or 5 years old, were employed to climb up the narrow chimney flues and c
27、lean them, collecting the soot in bags. Such boys, sometimes sold to the master sweepers by their poor parents .This poem, in fact, is a protest against the harm that society does to its children by exploiting them for labor of this kind, The poem was written in the childs-eye point of view, and the
28、 dramatic irony (what the speaker says in the poem is different from what the poet means) arises from the poets knowing more or seeing more than the child does. 2) The Chimney Sweeper (from songs of Experience) His Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, wa
29、r and repression with a melancholy tone. England becomes the world of the dark wood and hopeless. In London, the city is no longer a paradise, but becomes the seat of poverty and despair. The poem selected here reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children. The po
30、em also reveals the relation between are economic circumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor and an ideological circumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation. 3) The Tyger ( included in Songs of Experience)The Tyger is one of Blakes best-known poem
31、s. It seemingly praises the great power of tiger, but what the tiger symbolizes remains disputable: the power of man? Or the revolutionary force? Or the evil? Or as it is usually interpreted, the Almighty Maker万能的上帝who created both the meek and gentle lamb and the terrible and awesome tiger? The poe
32、m is highly symbolic with a touch of mysticism and it is open to various interpretations. The poem contains six quatrains in rhyming couplets and its language Is brief and forceful with an anvil rhythm.II. William Wordsworth William Wordsworth (1770-1850) ,He developed a keen love of nature as a youth. Another importa
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