1、法指南省略为了使语言简洁或避免重复,将句子中的一个或几个句子成分省去,这种语法现象叫省略。1.简单句中的省略(1)主语的省略祈使句可省去主语。Hand me the hammer,will you?把锤子递给我好吗?除祈使句外,还有其他省去主语的情况。(I) Dont know.我不知道。(It) Looks like rain.像是要下雨了。法指南(2)谓语或谓语的一部分省略(Is there) Anything you want to tell me?有什么事要告诉我吗?(Are) The students still waiting?学生们还在等吗?(3)主语和谓语,或主语和谓语的一部分
2、省略(Ive) Got to go now.我得走了。(Are you) Going to town?进城去吗?(4)宾语的省略Where should we go?我们应去哪里?I dont care.Anywhere you want.我无所谓,你想去哪儿就去哪儿。法指南(5)表语的省略Are these your friends?这些人是你的朋友吗?Yes,they are (my friends).是的,他们是我的朋友。(6)系动词的省略有些省略结构省去了系动词,尤其在口语中。Everything in good condition.样样东西都完好无损。法指南(7)不定式的省略答语中的
3、有些动词或短语后跟不定式做宾语时,可将其动词省略,而保留to,这样的动词或短语常见的有want,wish,expect,hope,like,love,try,forget,prefer,mean,be going to,be about to,be supposed to等。Will you go with me?你要和我一起去吗?Yes,Id like to (go with you).是的,我想和你一起去。法指南如果做宾语的不定式是be动词或完成时态,则需在to之后加上be或have。Are you a doctor?你是医生吗?No,but I want to be.不,但我希望是。He
4、 hasnt finished his homework.他没有完成作业。He ought to have.他本应该完成的。法指南两个或两个以上的不定式并列,第一个带to,后面的常可省略to。My job is to look after the children and teach them English.我的任务是照顾孩子并教他们英语。但如果两个不定式表示对比关系时,则to都不能省略。To be for the plan or to be against it doesnt matter.赞成或反对这项计划都不要紧。当不定式做表语时,如果前面主语中出现实义动词do及其各种形式,则不定式中
5、的to常可省略。What he wants to do is go home.他想做的就是回家。法指南感官动词和使役动词后面做宾语补足语的不定式要省略to(help后的to可带也可不带)。I saw a boy fall down from the tree.我看见一个男孩儿从树上掉下来了。Ill help you (to) do the work.我会帮你做这项工作。介词but前面有动词do,后面的不定式可省略to。He can do nothing but lie down and sleep.他无事可做只好躺下睡觉。法指南2.并列句中的省略并列句中后面分句与前面分句的相同部分常可省略。T
6、hey dont agree with you and neither do I.他们不同意你的意见,我也不同意。She was poor but (she was) honest.她贫穷但诚实。法指南3.复合句中的省略(1)宾语从句中的省略以特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句,若有与前面主句重复的内容,则可将重复内容省略,而只保留特殊疑问词。You are unhappy.Can you tell me why?你不高兴。能告诉我为什么吗?法指南当用Im afraid,I think,I believe,I hope,I guess等做答句时,后面常用省略形式。Do you think it will
7、 rain?你认为会下雨吗?I guess so.我猜会。I hope so.我希望这样。I hope not.我希望不会。Im afraid so/not.恐怕如此/不如此。I think/believe/expect/suppose so.我认为/相信/希望/料想是这样。在宾语从句中常省略连词that,但当及物动词之后跟两个或两个以上的宾语从句时,只有第一个连词that可省略。He told me (that) she was a beautiful girl and that she was clever.他告诉我她是一个漂亮的女孩,而且很聪明。法指南(2)定语从句中的省略在限制性定语从
8、句中做宾语的关系代词that,which,whom可省略。He is one of the men (whom) I can trust.他是我信任的人之一。修饰way的关系副词that(=in which)可以省略。This is the way (that/in which) he studies.这就是他的学习方法。在非正式用语中,关系副词when,why,代词as后面的主谓结构可省略。法指南(3)状语从句中的省略在时间、地点、条件、方式或让步状语从句中,如果其主语和主句的主语一致,或从句的主语是it且从句中谓语动词包含be,常把从句的主语和be省略。Unless (it is) nec
9、essary,youd better not refer to the dictionary.除非有必要,你最好别查词典。Be careful when (you are) crossing the street.过马路时要小心。在比较状语从句中,than或as后面的部分可省略。Im taller than she (is).我比她高。You hate him as much as I (hate him).我和你一样讨厌他。法指南(4)虚拟语气中的省略在if引导的虚拟语气中,如从句中含有助动词were,had,should,则可省去if,把were,had,should提到从句句首。Were
10、 John here,he would know what to do.要是约翰在这儿,他会知道该怎么做。Had anything happened,he would have let her know.要是发生了什么事,他会让她知道的。Should she lose her place,they all would be ruined.要是她丢了职位,他们就都完了。法指南口语中一些常见的省略句:Well done!做得好!Never mind.没关系。Not yet.还没有。Where to?上哪儿去?Congratulations! 祝贺你!What for?为什么?Who breaks pays! 损坏照赔! Ready?好了吗?Safety first! 安全第一!Wet paint! 油漆未干!法指南No way out! 此路不通!No parking! 不准停车!Admission free! 免费入场!Visitors not admitted! 谢绝参观!
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