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1、Platos ParmenidesIn honor of beloved Virgil“O degli altri poeti onore e lume . . .”Dante, InfernoThe Joan Palevsky Imprint in Classical LiteraturePlatos ParmenidesTRANSLATED WITH INTRODUCTION AND COMMENTARY BYSamuel ScolnicovUNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESSBerkeleyLos AngelesLondonThe publisher gratef
2、ully acknowledges the generouscontribution to this book provided by Joan Palevsky.University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, CaliforniaUniversity of California Press, Ltd. London, England 2003 by the Regents of the University of CaliforniaLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication D
3、ataPlato.Parmenides. EnglishPlatos Parmenides / translated with introduction and commentary by Samuel Scolnicov. p. cm.Includes bibliographical references (p.) and indexes.ISBN 0-520-22403-5 (cloth: alk. paper)1. Socrates. 2. Parmenides. 3. Zeno, of Elea. 4. OntologyEarly works to 1800. 5. Reasoning
4、Early works to 1800. 6. DialecticEarly works to 1800. 7. Plato. Parmenides. I. Scolnicov, Samuel. II. Title.B378.A5 S3613 2001184dc2100-021808Manufactured in the United States of America987654321010987654321The paper used in this publication meets the minimum require-ments of ANSI / NISO Z39 0.48-19
5、92(R 1997) (Permanence of Paper).8contentslist of tables and figures/viiabbreviations/ixacknowledgments/xiIntroduction/1Plato Versus Parmenides/1The Problem of Method/3Elenchus/6Aporia and Euporia/8The Method of Hypothesis/9Two Principles of Noncontradiction/12The Verb to be/16Parmenidean Being and
6、Platonic Being/18The Dialogue/22A Note on the Translation/39parmenidesProem/43The Frame Story/43The Problem: The Many Cannot Be/45The Thesis: Forms Participate in Each Other, and Sensible Things Participate in Forms/48Part I: Aporia/53The Dilemma/55The Necessity of Positing Forms/73The Method/74Part
7、 II: Euporia/79Hypothesis: The One Is/80Argument I/80Argument II/94Argument III/139Argument IV/144Hypothesis: The One Is Not/147Argument V/147Argument VI/157Argument VII/159Argument VIII/163General Conclusion/166bibliography/167index locorum/175index nominum/183index of greek words and expressions/1
8、87general index/189vicontentstables and figuresTABLES1. The sequence of the Theorems and their categories in Part II of PlatosParmenides/302. Parallel categories in the Theorems in Part II of Platos Parmenides andin the poem of Parmenides, fragment 28 B 8 DK/33FIGURES1. The structure of the argument
9、s in Part I of Platos Parmenides/242. The structure of the Arguments in Part II of Platos Parmenides/283. The categories of being and their relations in Part II of Platos Parmenides/32viiabbreviationsIn this volume, fragments of the poem of Parmenides are cited as they ap-pear in the edition of Diel
10、s and Kranz (1951), volume 1, number 28, sec-tion B. The other works cited in abbreviated form in the text and notes arelisted immediately below.DKHermann Diels and Walther Kranz, eds., Die Fragmente der Vor-sokratiker, 6th ed., 3 vols. Berlin: Weidmann, 1951.LSJH. G. Liddell and R. Scott, eds., A G
11、reek-English Lexicon, 9th ed., rev.H. S. Jones. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940.ixacknowledgmentsThis book has been a long time in the making. It resulted from a growingawareness, over almost twenty years, of the importance of the Parmenides forthe understanding of Platos mature metaphysics and of the
12、 gradual real-ization that nothing short of a line-by-line commentary could do justice toits intricacies and its far-reaching implications.I have discussed the approaches and ideas developed in this book withmany more people than I can hope to thank adequately. Some, however, de-serve special mentio
13、n. I am, first of all, indebted to my students and my col-leagues over the years in seminars at the Universities of Jerusalem, Catania,Padua, Toronto, Irvine, and Paris-I for testing with me the interpretationsadvanced. To those from the Cambridge B-Club and Monique Dixsauts sem-inar at Paris-XII, I
14、 am thankful for healthy skepticism. To Denis OBrien andRosamond Kent Sprague I am grateful for their encouragement and for hav-ing read one of the final versions of this book, questioning points I too read-ily took for granted. At the University of California Press, Paul Psoinos went through the ma
15、n-uscript with a fine-toothed comb, improving the English style, keeping aneye on the accuracy of the translation, and copy-editing the book in painstak-ing detail. This book is much better for his efforts. Cindy Fulton and KateToll were responsible for its production, which proved sometimes to be q
16、uiteintricate, always ready in the best of spirits to help with their experience andenthusiasm. Many errors and oversights no doubt remain. For those, I must take fullresponsibility.Paris, May 2002xiJ.A. Palmers book, Platos Reception of Parmenides (Oxford: Clarendon Press,1999) came to my attention
17、 when this book was already in press, and so Ihave not been able to take full account of it, as it deserves. However, in thepresent book, I am less concerned than Palmer with Platos reception of Par-menides. As will become clear, I acknowledge Platos debt to Parmenides, asPalmer does, but I see Plat
18、os main aim in the Parmenides as to clarify his ownmetaphysical standpoint in opposition to Parmenides and improve on himwhile, at the same time, stressing the absolute necessity of Parmenides con-ception of being for any non-nominalistic metaphysics and epistemology.xiiacknowledgmentsIntroductionTo
19、ute interprtation du dialogue qui laissera spares les deux parties de loeuvre nepourrait nous satisfaire.wahl (1951), 8PLATO VERSUS PARMENIDESOf all Platos dialogues, the Parmenides is notoriously the most difficult to in-terpret. Scholars of all periods have violently disagreed about its very aimsa
20、nd subject matter. The interpretations have ranged from reading the dia-logue as an introduction to the whole of Platonicand more often Neo-platonicmetaphysics1to viewing it as a record of unsolved (and perhapsunsolvable) “honest perplexities,”2as protreptic “mental gymnastics,”3as acollection of so
21、phistic tricks,4or even as an elaborate (though admittedlytedious) joke.5Part I of the dialogue and especially the Third Man Argument have nodoubt received more than their fair share of effort and ingenuity. Duringthe last forty-odd years, the Third Man Argument has undergone detailedscrutiny by log
22、icians, philosophers, classicists, and, in general, anyone whofelt any connection with the subject, however distant. But while fine logicaltools have been used to interpret the Theaetetus and the Sophist with impor-tant and interesting results, the Parmenides as a whole seems to have been,11. For a
23、summary of Neoplatonic interpretations, see Dodds (1928), Wundt (1935). Theesotericist interpretation (e.g., Migliori 1990), influenced by Krmer, can be seen as a variantof this trend. In the same vein, Sguy-Duclot (1998) interprets the dialogue as pointing beyonditself, to higher levels, up to a he
24、nological point of view above ontology.2. Vlastos (1965b 1954), 145.3. Grote (1875), III, chap. 27; Peck (195354); cf. Kutschera (1995). See also Wilamowitz(1948), I 402; most recently Gill, “Introduction,” in Gill and Ryan (1996). Klibansky (1943: 28n. 1) attributes such a view already to Alcinous
25、(Albinus), possibly on the strength of chaps. 5and 6 of his Didaskalikos.4. E.g., Owen (1986 1970).5. Cf., e.g., Taylor (1934), 29.until quite recently, rather neglected. Gilbert Ryles renewed suggestion thatParts I and II of the dialogue are only loosely connected (and were proba-bly composed at di
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