1、考 研 英 语 基 础 复 习考 研 英 语 基 础 复 习难长句精解与语法精要难长句精解与语法精要考试点考研网 w w w.k a o s h i d i a n.co m 1考研英语的重点是阅读，阅读的重点和难点是难句分析。如果把阅读中的难句都能分析把握到位，其解答也就成功了一半。事实上，只有当你能够读懂难句时，才能真正享受到阅读的乐趣，才有可能真正触摸到文章的灵魂。考研英语的重点是阅读，阅读的重点和难点是难句分析。如果把阅读中的难句都能分析把握到位，其解答也就成功了一半。事实上，只有当你能够读懂难句时，才能真正享受到阅读的乐趣，才有可能真正触摸到文章的灵魂。第一部分难句分析的方法第一部分
2、难句分析的方法无论是在英语的学习、复习中，我认为都应该把难句分析能力的训练和培养放在第一的位置，而且排在了单词记忆之前，这是无庸质疑的。难句为什么重要，我认为主要有三点：第一，我们总是担心自己的语法掌握不好，总是在耗费大量的时间和精力努力进行语法的学习甚至是研究。但是从以往对语法的反复研究中我们发现这样的“研究”之后收效甚微。我一直在强调，语法不是用来“研究”的！我们的汉语语法的难度是世界公认的，但是我们又有几个人知道汉语的语法呢？那些不识字的老奶奶说的话难道我们就听不懂？所以我认为语法的掌握只要意会就足以，不一定要言全。想做到意会，最好的方法是“研究”难句，因为所有的语法现象都能够在难句分析
3、中得到很好的诠释。第二，考研阅读的命题几乎就是围绕难句进行的，我们现在研究难句，就是一种针对阅读的专项基础训练。第三，翻译部分里要我们翻译的就是些难句。综上，我们还有理由不进行难句分析的研究吗？还有理由不需要好好的，认真的进行难句分析能力的培养吗？我不仅强调语法不是用来研究的，同时我还坚信句子中各种成分的“称谓”也是不必要记忆的。比如说“让步状语从句”、“非限制性定语从句”（我到现在还对这些“称谓”不是很敏感）。这些称谓多半是为了研究语法、解析难句的成分而创设的。我们没必要一定知道这些成分的准确“称谓”。我们只要知道它们之间的修饰和被修饰关系就足以。很多朋友都问我，难句到底应该如何进行复习。我
4、想作为一个非英语专业型的人才，我们对难句的分析只要做到“把握句意”即可。不要上升到研究的高度，不要你做到像高中老师在黑板上板书时那样面面俱到；只要你能意会，能弄明白主干以及他们之间的修饰和被修饰的关系就行。第一章定语从句第一章定语从句：例 1：Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuliwhich develop his or her capacity for appropriate response will experience greater
5、 intellectualdevelopment.汉语中定语从句只能放在被修饰语的前面，而英语中的定语从句可前置也可后置，而且越长的从句越往后放。这个例句中出现的三个定语从句都是后置的。（被修饰语用粉红色标记，定语从句用青绿色标记）Behaviorists suggest thatthe childwho is raised in an environmentwhere there are many stimuliwhich develop his or her capacity for appropriate responsewill experience greater intellect
6、ual development.虽然我不能像该书介绍的那样以非常地道、纯正的语法知识详细介绍那“五层”关系，但是我将每个“独立意群”分行排列后，他们之间的修饰和被修饰关系就变得非常简单明了。（注意：所谓“独立意群”概念是本人杜撰，指句子中能构成独立意思的最少词汇的集合体。如本例句中的六个方框中的内容即可视为六个意群。目的是明了修饰与被修饰关系。）这样的难句分析方法可能与“剥洋葱法”类似，我暂将它定义为“分行列意”法，即将各个意群考试点考研网 w w w.k a o s h i d i a n.co m 2分行排列，以助明了各成分关系。弄明白了这些定语从句以及它们之间的修饰和被修饰的关系后，我们
7、很容易找到句子的主干：Behaviorists suggest that the child will experience greater intellectual development.这样的去除修饰语重点理解主干的阅读习惯在解答思维中非常重要，我们应该从现在开始慢慢培养！直译：行为主义者的认为儿童在环境里长大环境里有许多刺激因素这些刺激因素能够开发其相应的反应能力儿童将会有更好的智力发育翻译：行为主义者的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激因素的环境里长大，而这些刺激因素能够开发其相应的反应能力，那么这个儿童将会有更好的智力发育。例 2；In the“soap war”between Pr
8、octor and Camble and Unilever,tremendous use of statistics is madeto measure the dynamic difference in market resulting from the proportional allocation toadvertising,which constitutes such a large part of their production costs before selling,so thatthey regard their production costs as production
9、plus advertising costs.In the“soap war”between Proctor and Camble and Unilever,tremendous use of statistics is made to measure the dynamic difference主语谓主语谓resulting from the proportional allocation to advertisingwhich constitutes such a large part of their production costsbefore selling,（which 引导非限制
10、性定语从句）so that they regard their production costs as productionplus advertising costs.（so that 引导结果状语从句）（注：被修饰语用粉红色标记，定语从句用青绿色标记）直译：在宝洁和联合利华两家企业之间的“肥皂大战”中，大量使用了统计学手段来测量动态差异这种差异由相应的广告投入所引起广告在售前的生产成本中的比例如此之高所以他们把生产成本看作是生产费用与广告费用之和翻译：在宝洁和联合利华两家企业之间的“肥皂大战”中，双方就大量使用了统计学手段来测量由相应的广告投入所引起的市场上的动态差异，广告在售前的生产成本
11、中的比例如此之考试点考研网 w w w.k a o s h i d i a n.co m 3高，所以他们把生产成本看作是生产费用与广告费用之和。例 3：I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaueratically managed industrialism in whichmaximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism inwhich man and full development of his p
12、otentialities those of love and of reason are theaims of all social arrangements.I suggesttransforming our social system from a bureaueratically managed industrialismin which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselvesinto a humanist industrialism（注意固定搭配“transform sth from into ）in whi
13、ch man and full development of his potentialities those oflove and of reason are the aims of all social arrangements.(破折号之间是 potentialities 的同位语)（注：被修饰语用粉红色标记，定语从句用青绿色标记）直译：我建议把我们的社会制度从官僚主义下的产业体制转变为以最大限度的生产和最大限度的消费为目的转变为人道主义产业体制一个充分发挥人的潜能即爱和理智的潜能为其全部社会工作之目的的翻译：我建议把我们的社会制度从以最大限度的生产和最大限度的消费为目的的官僚主义下的产
14、业体制转变为一个充分发挥人的潜能即爱和理智的潜能为其全部社会工作之目的的人道主义产业体制。例 4：As far as the third factor is concerned,the history of science shows many instances in which theforce of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful resistanceto further investigation;in some case centuries elapsed b
15、efore this resistance was eventuallybroken down,as happened in cosmology,for example.As far as the third factor is concerned,状语从句the history of science shows many instances主语谓语宾语in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build主语谓语up an exceedingly powerful resistance to furt
16、her investigation;（注意这里的“分号”）考试点考研网 w w w.k a o s h i d i a n.co m 4in some case centuries elapsed before this resistance was eventually broken down,主语谓语as happened in cosmology,for example.插入语（注：被修饰语用粉红色标记，定语从句用青绿色标记）直译：至于第三个因素，科学史中有许多事例表明权威的力量起到这样一种作用：它给进一步的研究设置了一道极其牢固的障碍；在许多情况下，要花上几个世纪的时间才能最终打破这道
17、障碍，例如，在宇宙学中就发生过这样的事。翻译：至于第三个因素，科学史中有许多事例表明，权威的力量起到这样一种作用：它给进一步的研究设置了一道极其牢固的障碍；在许多情况下，要花上几个世纪的时间才能最终打破这道障碍，例如，在宇宙学中就发生过这样的事。例 5：Yet members of the nation s present education and cultural elite still cling to the notion that theUnite State belongs to some vaguely defined entity they refer to as“wester
18、n civilization,”bywhich they mean,presumably,a civilization created by people of Europe,as if Europe can even beviewed as completely uninfluenced by the rest of the world.Yet members of the nation s present education and cultural elite still cling to the notion主语定语，修饰 members谓语宾语That 之后直到句尾都是其引导 not
19、ion 的同位语从句the Unite State belongs to some vaguely defined entitythey refer to as“western civilization,”by which they mean,presumably,a civilization created by people of Europe,插入语as if Europe can even be viewed as completely uninfluenced by the restof the world.（注：被修饰语用粉红色标记，定语从句用青绿色标记）直译：然而，当今美国教育文
20、化界的特权分子仍紧抱着固有的观念，美国属于某种定义模糊的实体他们称之为“西方文明”他们所指的想必就是由欧洲人创造的文明仿佛欧洲可以被视为完全不受世界其他地区影响似的。翻译：然而，当今美国教育文化界的特权分子仍紧抱着固有的观念，认为美国属于某种定义考试点考研网 w w w.k a o s h i d i a n.co m 5模糊的他们称之为“西方文明”的实体，他们所指的想必就是由欧洲人创造的文明，仿佛欧洲可以被视为完全不受世界其他地区影响似的。例 6：Meanwhile,the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card acco
21、unts in America,disclosed on June 17th,overshadowed a hugely important decision overshadowed a hugely important decision that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.（青绿色为修饰部分）Meanwhile,the theft of information主aboutsome40millioncredi
22、t-cardaccountsinAmerica,disclosed on June 17th,overshadowed a hugely important decision谓语宾语that puts corporate America on noticethat regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.7.How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliabilit
23、y,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which itis interpreted.要点 本句含有一个主语从句 How well the prediction will be validated by laterperformance 和一个定语从句 with which it is interpreted。定语从句中 it 指代 prediction,该定语从句修饰 the skill and wisdom。在翻译时主语从句用分译法,定语从句用合译法。validate:使有
24、效；使有充分根据。译文 预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实,这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性,还取决于用来解释预测的技巧和智慧。8.Thus,to rectify the positions taken previously,where we contented ourselves withcondemnations,in my delegations opinion,we must find an overall solution which would come togrips with both the substance as well as the superficial a
25、spects which,after all,serve only tocompel us to keep this problem constantly on the Security Councils agendas.要点 本句含有三个定语从句where.condemnations,which would come to grips.和which,after all,serve only to compel.。第二个定语从句译成同位结构；第三个定语从句同上下文有明显的因果关系,译成因为。overall:从头到尾；总的,全面的。译文 因此,我们代表团认为,要纠正我们过去采取的只是满足于进行谴
26、责的那种立场,我们必须寻求一个全面的解决方法,既能解决本质方面的问题,又能解决应对表面的问题,因为仅解决表面问题毕竟只能迫使我们一次又一次地把这个问题列入安理会的议程。9.We may define chemistry as the science in which we deal with the chemical change in matter asa result of which it is possible to form a new substance.考试点考研网 w w w.k a o s h i d i a n.co m 6要点 本句中有两个由 which 引导的定语从句：
27、第一个定语从句的先行词是 science,而不是 chemistry;第二个定语从句的先行词是 chemical change,而不是 result 或 matter。译文 我们可以说,化学是论述物质化学变化的科学,通过化学变化可能获得新的物质。10.Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty,when there are pretty children in a pool anda young Diana on the edge,to receive with wonder anything you can catch!要点 本句由一个主
28、句(Time goes fast)、两个定语从句(who.和 you can catch)和一个状语从句(when.)组成。you can catch 前省略了 that。按照先发生的事情先叙述以及条件在先结果在后的汉语习惯,翻译时应采用逆序法。译文 对一个有美感,能以好奇心接收你所能抓到的任何东西的人来说,时间总是过得很快,比如当戏水池里有几个可爱的孩子,池边还有一位如黛安娜似的年轻女子时。第二章 倒装句第二章 倒装句英语句子通常有两种语序,一种是自然语序(Natural Order),又称正装语序,另一种便是本章要介绍的倒装语序(Inverted Order)。从形式上分,倒装有两种：全部
29、倒装(Full Inversion)和部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。谓语动词全部位于主语之前的称作全部倒装,例如：In front of me stood a boy.(我面前站着一个男孩。)只将谓语动词的一部分(通常是助动词或情态动词)放在主语之前的称作部分倒装,例如：Onlyin this way can we do it better.(只有这样,我们才能做得更好一些。)从使用目的区分,倒装也有两种情况,即语法倒装(Grammatical Inversion)和修辞倒装(Rhetorical Inversion)。语法倒装是由于语法规则的要求而必须进行的倒装,例如：Wh
30、o called me just now?(刚才谁打电话给我?)修辞倒装是出于修辞的需要而把正常语序转为倒装语序,例如：Out rushed the children.(孩子们冲了出去。)HFowler 归纳倒装的原因有九种,即疑问、命令、惊叹、假设、平衡、衔接、点题(signpost)、否定和韵律(metrical)。这并不完全,还应加上强调和为使描写更加生动两种。在英语中,倒装句俯拾即是,用得非常普遍,但汉语却很少用,所以在翻译倒装句时,仍应按原文词序翻译,并照顾汉语的习惯,以保持译文句子结构流畅、匀称。本章只列举在阅读文章中常遇到的倒装现象,以使考生熟悉英语和汉语在语序上的差异。1.Ja
31、ck London poured into his writings all the pain of his life,the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisiethat it had produced in him,and the conviction it had brought to him that the world could be madea better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out ofthe hands
32、 of the exploiters.第一层：Jack London poured into his writings all the pain of his life,the fierce hatred of the主谓状宾定宾bourgeoisie that it had produced in him,and the conviction it had brought to himthat the world定定语从句 1连宾定语从句 2could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and t
33、ake the management of同位语从句society out of the hands of the exploiters.第二层：(定语从句 1)thatithad produced in him.引主谓状(定语从句 2)ithad brought to him.主谓间宾(同位语从句)thatthe worldcould be made a better place to live in 定 if the exploited考试点考研网 w w w.k a o s h i d i a n.co m 7引主谓宾定would rise up and take the man-age
34、ment of society out of the hands of the exploiters.状语从句第三层：(状语从句)if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society引主谓连谓宾定out of the hands of the exploiters.状要点 本句为倒装句。如果宾语较长或宾语结构比较复杂,往往将宾语后置,采用倒装语序,以使句子保持平衡。本句的宾语由三个并列的名词构成,且第二和第三个名词后又带有限定性定语从句,故采用倒装语序,将动词poured的宾语放在状语into his writing
35、s之后。all thepain.,the fierce hatred.和the conviction.是poured的三个并列的宾语；其中,第一个 that引导的定语从句修饰hatred,it had brought to him修饰conviction,在该定语从句中其关系代词作宾语而被省略；第二个 that 从句则是conviction的同位语从句。译文 杰克伦敦在作品中倾注了他一生中所遭受过的一切痛苦,倾诉了这种痛苦在他心中产生的对资产阶级的刻骨仇恨以及由此产生的这样的信念：如果被剥削者起来反抗,从剥削者手中夺回社会管理权,那么世界就会变成一个人人有好日子过的地方。2.Along wit
36、h them goes social mobility,ambition to rise in the urban world,a main factor inbringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century.分 析：Along with them goes social mobility,ambition to rise in the urban world,状谓定主主定a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth centur
37、y.同位语定要点 这是一个完全倒装句,主语是 social mobility.century,谓语动词是 goes。ambition torise in the urban world 是对 social mobility 的进一步说明。a main factor 在意思上相当于which is a main factor in.century,修饰 ambition to.world。本句可按原文顺序翻译。译文 伴随他们而来的是社会的流动性,人们强烈地希望在城市里发展,这是 19 世纪欧洲出生率下降的主要因素。3.For example,they do not compensate for
38、gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how ablean underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorablecircumstances.要点 句中 had he grown up.是虚拟条件中省略 if 的倒装结构。翻译时,要把 if 的含义译出。主句为并列谓语.compensate.,and.tell结构。句中 how 引导宾语从句。虚拟条件句为宾语从句的状语。根据汉语的表达习惯,条件状语常前置。译文 例如,它们并不弥补明显的社会不公
39、；因此,它们说明不了一个物质条件差的年轻人,如果在较好的环境下成长,会有多大的才干。4.So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computercamps often have to force them to break for sports and games.要点 本句的基本结构是 the children become so involved with their computers that.。因为把 so involved with their computers
40、放在了句首,所以句子必须倒装。因为该句的动词是become,所以用 do 来帮助倒装。翻译时宜用正装语序。译文 参加计算机夏令营的孩子们对计算机如此着迷,以至夏令营的负责人常常不得不考试点考研网 w w w.k a o s h i d i a n.co m 8强迫他们停下来参加体育运动或做游戏。5.As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized,it is in the interest of business touniversalize access-after all,the more people online,the more
41、 potential customers there are.要点 破折号后面的部分是用来解释句子主句的,在结构上是部分倒装句,属（从句）the比较级.,（主句）the 比较级句型,这样的句子一般主谓不倒装。翻译时可用正装。universalize:使普遍化；使通用化。译文 随着国际互联网越来越商业化,普及上网会对商家有利,因为上网的人越多,潜在的顾客数量就越多。6.Only after studies provided evidence of the harmful effects of such programs has it beenpossible to modify TV progr
42、amming policies.要点 only 是加强语气的词语,位于句首时,主谓语要倒装。这样的句子一般可按原文顺序翻译。has it been.是主句,正装应是 it has been.。译文 只有大量调研提供出证据表明此类节目产生不良影响后,电视节目审查政策才有可能改变。7.Unpopular as red has been in the past at the moment it is a favorite hair style.要点 这是一个主从复合句,主句是 at the moment it is a favorite hair style。在让步状语从句中,作为表语的 unpop
43、ular 放在 as 前面位于句首,构成部分倒装。形容词as 从句在意思上等于 although.,一般翻译成虽然。注意这个形容词不能放在动词后面,否则整个句子意思不同。译文 虽然过去红色不受欢迎,眼下红色染发剂却备受青睐。8.Lonely was seeing his daughter only twice a week since the divorce.要点 这是一个完全倒装句,主语是 seeing his daughter.divorce。翻译时可正装。译文 他只是觉得离婚后每周只能看女儿两次让他感到孤独。9.So perilous was this one that he was t
44、he only security officer on the site.要点 该句的原结构是this one was so perilous that.,因为把 so perilous 放在句首,所以句子要主谓倒装。翻译时可正装。译文 做现场惟一的保安官员,这差使还真有点危险。10.In front of me stood the essential tools of the intelligence officers trade-a desk,twotelephones,one scrambled（改变频率使不被窃听）for outside calls,and to one side a
45、large greenmetal safe with an oversized combination lock on the front.要点 这是一个并列句,由 and 连接。第一个分句中破折号前面是一个完全倒装句,主语是the essential tools of the intelligence officers trade。破折号后面的部分是用来解释 trade。Onescrambled for outside calls 等于 one of which was scrambled for outside calls。第二个分句也是一个完全倒装句,只是在 to one side 后面
46、省去了动词 stood。该句可按原文语序翻译,第二个分句中省去的动词应翻译出来。译文 展现在我面前的是情报官员这一行的基本用具-一张写字台、两部电话,其中一部是变频加密外线电话,在我旁边是一个大型的绿色金属保险柜,其正面有一把特大号复合密码锁。考试点考研网 w w w.k a o s h i d i a n.co m 9第三章 分割结构第三章 分割结构分割结构是一种修辞手段,在英语句子中,特别是在书面语中,比较常见。分割结构就是指把英语句子中原来属于一个整体的句子成分分割开,一部分留在句子的原来位置,另一部分远离原来位置。如：The best books are treasuries of g
47、ood words,the golden thoughts,which,rememberedand cherished,become our constant companions and comforters.不难看出 which become ourconstant companions and comforters 原本是一个整体,被用作状语的过去分词 remembered andcherished 分割开。常见的分割结构形式有同位语或同位语从句与先行词的分割,定语或 and定语从句与先行词的分割,主语与谓语的分割,谓语与宾语的分割。使用分割结构的目的是使语句结构平衡,避免头重脚轻,或者
48、为了使表达的主题思想更加突出醒目,读起来更通顺流畅。分割结构的存在说明了英语在结构形式和表达方法上的生动性和灵活性,但也造成了句子结构的错综复杂。对于分割结构,只有从结构上和语意上弄清它才能避免理解上的错误,英译汉时要把原来属于一个整体部分的意义译出。如：An unusual present was given to him for his birthday,a book on ethics.过生日的时候他得到了一件不寻常的礼物-一本关于伦理道德的书。(present 和 a book 被分隔)再如：After Galileos work the feeling grew that there
49、 were universal laws governing themotion of bodies and that these laws might apply to motion in the heavens as well as on earth.在伽利略著作之后,这样的认识加强了,即认为存在着支配物体运动的普遍规律,这些规律不仅支配着地球上的也支配着天体上的物体的运动。(the feeling 和 that 从句被分隔)此外,还有定语（或定语从句）与其中心词被分隔,某些词语与其所要求的介词被分隔,动词与其宾语被分隔,介词与其宾语被分隔等。总之,英语的分隔应遵循尾重原则（应当把长而复杂
50、的成分放在句末,从而使结构平衡匀称,以避免主语部分太长,谓语部分太短）和句尾信息焦点原则（把新信息,即语义重点放在句子末尾）。阅读时要注意把原来属于一个整体的各部分找出来。1.Such a viewpoint,particularly prominent in the developing countries,is reinforced by thewidely-held belief that it is not the peaceful application of nuclear energy that is endangering thesurvival of mankind.第一层：
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