考研英语基础j阶段复习长难句精讲与语法精要.pdf
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1、考 研 英 语 基 础 复 习考 研 英 语 基 础 复 习难长句精解与语法精要难长句精解与语法精要考试点考研网 w w w.k a o s h i d i a n.co m 1考研英语的重点是阅读,阅读的重点和难点是难句分析。如果把阅读中的难句都能分析把握到位,其解答也就成功了一半。事实上,只有当你能够读懂难句时,才能真正享受到阅读的乐趣,才有可能真正触摸到文章的灵魂。考研英语的重点是阅读,阅读的重点和难点是难句分析。如果把阅读中的难句都能分析把握到位,其解答也就成功了一半。事实上,只有当你能够读懂难句时,才能真正享受到阅读的乐趣,才有可能真正触摸到文章的灵魂。第一部分难句分析的方法第一部分
2、难句分析的方法无论是在英语的学习、复习中,我认为都应该把难句分析能力的训练和培养放在第一的位置,而且排在了单词记忆之前,这是无庸质疑的。难句为什么重要,我认为主要有三点:第一,我们总是担心自己的语法掌握不好,总是在耗费大量的时间和精力努力进行语法的学习甚至是研究。但是从以往对语法的反复研究中我们发现这样的“研究”之后收效甚微。我一直在强调,语法不是用来“研究”的!我们的汉语语法的难度是世界公认的,但是我们又有几个人知道汉语的语法呢?那些不识字的老奶奶说的话难道我们就听不懂?所以我认为语法的掌握只要意会就足以,不一定要言全。想做到意会,最好的方法是“研究”难句,因为所有的语法现象都能够在难句分析
3、中得到很好的诠释。第二,考研阅读的命题几乎就是围绕难句进行的,我们现在研究难句,就是一种针对阅读的专项基础训练。第三,翻译部分里要我们翻译的就是些难句。综上,我们还有理由不进行难句分析的研究吗?还有理由不需要好好的,认真的进行难句分析能力的培养吗?我不仅强调语法不是用来研究的,同时我还坚信句子中各种成分的“称谓”也是不必要记忆的。比如说“让步状语从句”、“非限制性定语从句”(我到现在还对这些“称谓”不是很敏感)。这些称谓多半是为了研究语法、解析难句的成分而创设的。我们没必要一定知道这些成分的准确“称谓”。我们只要知道它们之间的修饰和被修饰关系就足以。很多朋友都问我,难句到底应该如何进行复习。我
4、想作为一个非英语专业型的人才,我们对难句的分析只要做到“把握句意”即可。不要上升到研究的高度,不要你做到像高中老师在黑板上板书时那样面面俱到;只要你能意会,能弄明白主干以及他们之间的修饰和被修饰的关系就行。第一章定语从句第一章定语从句:例 1:Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuliwhich develop his or her capacity for appropriate response will experience greater
5、 intellectualdevelopment.汉语中定语从句只能放在被修饰语的前面,而英语中的定语从句可前置也可后置,而且越长的从句越往后放。这个例句中出现的三个定语从句都是后置的。(被修饰语用粉红色标记,定语从句用青绿色标记)Behaviorists suggest thatthe childwho is raised in an environmentwhere there are many stimuliwhich develop his or her capacity for appropriate responsewill experience greater intellect
6、ual development.虽然我不能像该书介绍的那样以非常地道、纯正的语法知识详细介绍那“五层”关系,但是我将每个“独立意群”分行排列后,他们之间的修饰和被修饰关系就变得非常简单明了。(注意:所谓“独立意群”概念是本人杜撰,指句子中能构成独立意思的最少词汇的集合体。如本例句中的六个方框中的内容即可视为六个意群。目的是明了修饰与被修饰关系。)这样的难句分析方法可能与“剥洋葱法”类似,我暂将它定义为“分行列意”法,即将各个意群考试点考研网 w w w.k a o s h i d i a n.co m 2分行排列,以助明了各成分关系。弄明白了这些定语从句以及它们之间的修饰和被修饰的关系后,我们
7、很容易找到句子的主干:Behaviorists suggest that the child will experience greater intellectual development.这样的去除修饰语重点理解主干的阅读习惯在解答思维中非常重要,我们应该从现在开始慢慢培养!直译:行为主义者的认为儿童在环境里长大环境里有许多刺激因素这些刺激因素能够开发其相应的反应能力儿童将会有更好的智力发育翻译:行为主义者的看法是,如果一个儿童在有许多刺激因素的环境里长大,而这些刺激因素能够开发其相应的反应能力,那么这个儿童将会有更好的智力发育。例 2;In the“soap war”between Pr
8、octor and Camble and Unilever,tremendous use of statistics is madeto measure the dynamic difference in market resulting from the proportional allocation toadvertising,which constitutes such a large part of their production costs before selling,so thatthey regard their production costs as production
9、plus advertising costs.In the“soap war”between Proctor and Camble and Unilever,tremendous use of statistics is made to measure the dynamic difference主语谓主语谓resulting from the proportional allocation to advertisingwhich constitutes such a large part of their production costsbefore selling,(which 引导非限制
10、性定语从句)so that they regard their production costs as productionplus advertising costs.(so that 引导结果状语从句)(注:被修饰语用粉红色标记,定语从句用青绿色标记)直译:在宝洁和联合利华两家企业之间的“肥皂大战”中,大量使用了统计学手段来测量动态差异这种差异由相应的广告投入所引起广告在售前的生产成本中的比例如此之高所以他们把生产成本看作是生产费用与广告费用之和翻译:在宝洁和联合利华两家企业之间的“肥皂大战”中,双方就大量使用了统计学手段来测量由相应的广告投入所引起的市场上的动态差异,广告在售前的生产成本
11、中的比例如此之考试点考研网 w w w.k a o s h i d i a n.co m 3高,所以他们把生产成本看作是生产费用与广告费用之和。例 3:I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaueratically managed industrialism in whichmaximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism inwhich man and full development of his p
12、otentialities those of love and of reason are theaims of all social arrangements.I suggesttransforming our social system from a bureaueratically managed industrialismin which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselvesinto a humanist industrialism(注意固定搭配“transform sth from into )in whi
13、ch man and full development of his potentialities those oflove and of reason are the aims of all social arrangements.(破折号之间是 potentialities 的同位语)(注:被修饰语用粉红色标记,定语从句用青绿色标记)直译:我建议把我们的社会制度从官僚主义下的产业体制转变为以最大限度的生产和最大限度的消费为目的转变为人道主义产业体制一个充分发挥人的潜能即爱和理智的潜能为其全部社会工作之目的的翻译:我建议把我们的社会制度从以最大限度的生产和最大限度的消费为目的的官僚主义下的产
14、业体制转变为一个充分发挥人的潜能即爱和理智的潜能为其全部社会工作之目的的人道主义产业体制。例 4:As far as the third factor is concerned,the history of science shows many instances in which theforce of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful resistanceto further investigation;in some case centuries elapsed b
15、efore this resistance was eventuallybroken down,as happened in cosmology,for example.As far as the third factor is concerned,状语从句the history of science shows many instances主语谓语宾语in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build主语谓语up an exceedingly powerful resistance to furt
16、her investigation;(注意这里的“分号”)考试点考研网 w w w.k a o s h i d i a n.co m 4in some case centuries elapsed before this resistance was eventually broken down,主语谓语as happened in cosmology,for example.插入语(注:被修饰语用粉红色标记,定语从句用青绿色标记)直译:至于第三个因素,科学史中有许多事例表明权威的力量起到这样一种作用:它给进一步的研究设置了一道极其牢固的障碍;在许多情况下,要花上几个世纪的时间才能最终打破这道
17、障碍,例如,在宇宙学中就发生过这样的事。翻译:至于第三个因素,科学史中有许多事例表明,权威的力量起到这样一种作用:它给进一步的研究设置了一道极其牢固的障碍;在许多情况下,要花上几个世纪的时间才能最终打破这道障碍,例如,在宇宙学中就发生过这样的事。例 5:Yet members of the nation s present education and cultural elite still cling to the notion that theUnite State belongs to some vaguely defined entity they refer to as“wester
18、n civilization,”bywhich they mean,presumably,a civilization created by people of Europe,as if Europe can even beviewed as completely uninfluenced by the rest of the world.Yet members of the nation s present education and cultural elite still cling to the notion主语定语,修饰 members谓语宾语That 之后直到句尾都是其引导 not
19、ion 的同位语从句the Unite State belongs to some vaguely defined entitythey refer to as“western civilization,”by which they mean,presumably,a civilization created by people of Europe,插入语as if Europe can even be viewed as completely uninfluenced by the restof the world.(注:被修饰语用粉红色标记,定语从句用青绿色标记)直译:然而,当今美国教育文
20、化界的特权分子仍紧抱着固有的观念,美国属于某种定义模糊的实体他们称之为“西方文明”他们所指的想必就是由欧洲人创造的文明仿佛欧洲可以被视为完全不受世界其他地区影响似的。翻译:然而,当今美国教育文化界的特权分子仍紧抱着固有的观念,认为美国属于某种定义考试点考研网 w w w.k a o s h i d i a n.co m 5模糊的他们称之为“西方文明”的实体,他们所指的想必就是由欧洲人创造的文明,仿佛欧洲可以被视为完全不受世界其他地区影响似的。例 6:Meanwhile,the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card acco
21、unts in America,disclosed on June 17th,overshadowed a hugely important decision overshadowed a hugely important decision that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.(青绿色为修饰部分)Meanwhile,the theft of information主aboutsome40millioncredi
22、t-cardaccountsinAmerica,disclosed on June 17th,overshadowed a hugely important decision谓语宾语that puts corporate America on noticethat regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.7.How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliabilit
23、y,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which itis interpreted.要点 本句含有一个主语从句 How well the prediction will be validated by laterperformance 和一个定语从句 with which it is interpreted。定语从句中 it 指代 prediction,该定语从句修饰 the skill and wisdom。在翻译时主语从句用分译法,定语从句用合译法。validate:使有
24、效;使有充分根据。译文 预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实,这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性,还取决于用来解释预测的技巧和智慧。8.Thus,to rectify the positions taken previously,where we contented ourselves withcondemnations,in my delegations opinion,we must find an overall solution which would come togrips with both the substance as well as the superficial a
25、spects which,after all,serve only tocompel us to keep this problem constantly on the Security Councils agendas.要点 本句含有三个定语从句where.condemnations,which would come to grips.和which,after all,serve only to compel.。第二个定语从句译成同位结构;第三个定语从句同上下文有明显的因果关系,译成因为。overall:从头到尾;总的,全面的。译文 因此,我们代表团认为,要纠正我们过去采取的只是满足于进行谴
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