1、Unit20Risk Analysis of the International Construction ProjectTextThe structural design of the reinforced concrete elements was done by consulting engineers Knight Piesold(KP).Quantity surveying services were provided by Hawkins,Leshnick&Bath(HLB).The contract was awarded to Central African Building
2、Corporation(CABCO)who was also responsible for the provision of a specialist roof structure using patented“gang nail”roof trusses.The building construction proceeded to completion and was handed over to the owners on Sept.12,1991.The SAZ took effective occupation of the headquarters building without
3、 a certificate of occupation.Also,the defects liability period was only three months.The roof structure was in place 10 years before partial failure in December 1999.The building insurance coverage did not cover enough,the City of Harare,a government municipality,issued the certificate of occupation
4、 10 years after occupation,and after partial collapse of the roof.At first the SAZ decided to go to arbitration,but this failed to yield an immediate solution.The SAZ then decided to proceed to litigate in court and to bring a negligence claim against CABCO.The preparation for arbitration was reused
5、 for litigation.The SAZs quantified losses stood at approximately$6 million in Zimbabwe dollars(US$1.2m).TextAfter all parties had examined the facts and evidence before them,it became clear that there was a great probability that the courts might rule that both the architects and the contractor wer
6、e liable.It was at this stage that the defendants lawyers requested that the matter be settled out of court 1 The plaintiff agreed to this suggestion,with the terms of the settlement kept confidential2.The aim of this critical analysis was to analyze the issues surrounding the partial collapse of th
7、e roof of the building housing the HQ of Standard Association of Zimbabwe.It examined the prior roles played by the project management function and construction professionals in preventing/mitigating potential construction problems.It further assessed the extent to which the employer/client and part
8、ies to a construction contract are able to recover damages under that contract3.The main objective of this critical analysis was to identify an effective risk management strategy for future construction projects.The importance of this study is its multidimensional examination approach.Experience sug
9、gests that participants in a project are well able to identify risks based on their own experience.The adoption of a risk management approach,based solely in past experience and dependant on judgment,may work reasonably well in a stable low risk environment4.It is unlikely to be effective where ther
10、e is a change.TextThis is because change requires the extrapolation of past experience,which could be misleading.All construction projects are prototypes to some extent and imply change.Change in the construction industry itself suggests that past experience is unlikely to be sufficient on its own.A
11、 structured approach is required.Such a structure can not and must not replace the experience and expertise of the participant.Rather,it brings additional benefits that assist to clarify objectives,identify the nature of the uncertainties,introduces effective communication systems,improves decision-
12、making,introduces effective risk control measures,protects the project objectives and provides knowledge of the risk history5.According to D.Atkinson,whether contractor,consultant or promoter,the right team needs to be assembled with the relevant multidisciplinary experience of that particular type
13、of project and its location.This is said to be necessary not only to allow alternative responses to be explored.But also to ensure that the right questions are asked and the major risks identified.Heads of sources of risk are said to be a convenient way of providing a structure for identifying risks
14、 to completion of a participants part of the project.Effective risk management is said to require a multidisciplinary approach.Inevitably risk management requires examination of engineering,legal and insurance related solutions.TextIt is stated that the use of analytical techniques based on a statis
15、tical approach could be of enormous use in decision making.Many of these techniques are said to be relevant to estimation of the consequences of risk events,and not how allocation of risk is to be achieved.In addition,at the present stage of the development of risk management,Atkinson states that it
16、 must be recognized that major decisions will be made that can not be based solely on mathematical analysis.The complexity of construction projects means that the project definition in terms of both physical form and organizational structure will be based on consideration of only a relatively small
17、number of risks.This is said to then allow a general structured approach that can be applied to any construction project to increase the awareness of participants.The new,simplified Construction Design and Management Regulations(CDM Regulations)which came in to force in the UK in April 2007,revised
18、and brought together the existing CDM 1994 and the Construction Health Safety and Welfare(CHSW)Regulations 1996,into a single regulatory package6.The new CDM regulations offer an opportunity for a step change in health and safety performance and are used to reemphasize the health,safety and broader
19、business benefits of a well-managed and coordinated approach to the management of health and safety in construction.TextI believe that the development of these skills is imperative to provide the client with the most effective services available,delivering the best value project possible.Constructio
20、n Management at Risk(CM at Risk),similar to established private sector methods of construction contracting,is gaining popularity in the public sector.It is a process that allows a client to select a construction manager(CM)based on qualifications;make the CM a member of a collaborative project team;
21、centralize responsibility for construction under a single contract;obtain a bonded guaranteed maximum price;produce a more manageable,predictable project;save time and money;and reduce risk for the client,the architect and the CM.CM at Risk,a more professional approach to construction,is taking its
22、place along with design-build,bridging and the more traditional process of design-bid-build as an established method of project delivery7.The AE can review the CMs approach to the work,making helpful recommendations.The CM is allowed to take bids or proposals from subcontractors during completion of
23、 contract documents,prior to the guaranteed maximum price(GMP),which reduces the CMs risk and provides useful input to design.The procedure is more methodical,manageable,predictable and less risky for all.TextThe procurement of construction is also more business-like.Each trade contractor has a fair
24、 shot at being the low bidder without fear of bid shopping.Each must deliver the best to get the project.Competition in the community is more equitable:all subcontractors have a fair shot at the work.A contingency within the GMP covers unexpected but justifiable costs,and a contingency above the GMP
25、 allows for client changes.As long as the subcontractors are within the GMP they are reimbursed to the CM,so the CM represents the client in negotiating inevitable changes with subcontractors.There can be similar problems where each party in a project is separately insured.For this reason a move tow
26、ards project insurance is recommended.The traditional approach reinforces adversarial attitudes,and even provides incentives for people to overlook or conceal risks in an attempt to avoid or transfer responsibility.A contingency within the GMP covers unexpected but justifiable costs,and a contingenc
27、y above the GMP allows for client changes.As long as the subcontractors are within the GMP they are reimbursed to the CM,so the CM represents the client in negotiating inevitable changes with subcontractors.proceed to继续hand over移交SAZ（Standards Association of Zimbabwe）津巴布韦标准协会take occupation of占领the
28、defects liability period缺陷责任期municipalityn.自治市；市政当局quantifyvt.确定的数量approximatelyadv.近似地，大约；许contractorn.订约人，承包人；收缩物liableadj.有责任的；有义务的；defendantn.被告人；plaintiffn.原告mitigatevt.使缓和，使减轻；使平息；vi.减轻，缓和下来clientn.顾客；当事人；诉讼委托人；计算机客户端multidimensionaladj.多面的，多维的extrapolationn.推断；外推（法）prototypen.原型，雏形，蓝本multidis
29、ciplinaryadj.多学科；多部门；多科New Words and Phrasesallocationn.配给，分配；分配额（或量）；划拨的款项imperativeadj.必要的，专横的；势在必行的；n.必要的事；命令；规则；centralizevt.使集中；成为的中心；实行中央集权bondedadj.有担保的；（债务）以债券作保证的recommendationn.推荐；建议；可取之处contingencyn.意外事故，偶发事件；可能性，偶然性.reimbursevt.偿还，归还New Words and PhrasesNotes（1）It was at this stage that
30、the defendants lawyers requested that the matter be settled out of court.正是在这个阶段，被告的律师请求将这个问题达成庭外和解。（2）The plaintiff agreed to this suggestion,with the terms of the settlement kept confidential.原告同意了这项建议，并同意对和解的条款保密。（3）It further assessed the extent to which the employer/client and parties to a cons
31、truction contract are able to recover damages under that contract.它进一步对雇主/承包方和当事人在建设合同下弥补损害赔偿进行了评估。（4）The adoption of a risk management approach,based solely in past experience and dependant on judgment,may work reasonably well in a stable low risk environment.仅采用建立在过去的经验和判断的基础上的风险管理方法，可以很好地并合理地在稳定的
32、低风险环境中工作。Notes（5）Rather,it brings additional benefits that assist to clarify objectives,identify the nature of the uncertainties,introduces effective communication systems,improves decision-making,introduces effective risk control measures,protects the project objectives and provides knowledge of th
33、e risk history.相反，它带来额外的好处，帮助澄清了目标，确定了不确定性的性质，介绍了有效的沟通制度，优化了决策，介绍了有效的风险控制措施，保障了项目目标和提供了风险教训知识。（6）The new,simplified Construction Design and Management Regulations(CDM Regulations)which came in to force in the UK in April 2007,revised and brought together the existing CDM 1994 and the Construction He
34、alth Safety and Welfare(CHSW)Regulations 1996,into a single regulatory package.新的、简化的建筑设计和建设管理办法（CDM条例），已于2007年4月在英国生效，修订和汇集了CDM1994规范和建设健康安全和福利（CHSW）1996规范，而成为单一规范包。（7）CM at Risk,a more professional approach to construction,is taking its place along with design-build,bridging and the more tradition
35、al process of design-bid-build as an established method of project delivery.建设风险管理，对建设更专业的方法，正在随着设计建造，桥的设计和投标建造为项目执行过程中建立的方法的改变而改变传统的地位。1.业主对设计与建造方式的优先考虑特别明显，责任单一，交付时间短且质量可靠，这些显著的优点要比其所带来的任何附加风险显得更为重要。2.所以，承包商的市场营销应朝着这一目标迈进，同时不要忘记，缺少经验的业主经常依赖于咨询顾问的推荐。3.虽然承包商可能有充分的理由以低标价获取项目，但他给业主的感觉将导致业主对投标方案进行极为详尽的
36、调查，因此，反而可能由于报价过低而遭拒绝。因为谨慎的业主不愿承担由于接受此类投标而可能带来的内在风险。4.共有两组衡量标准：一组用来决定承包商能否被列入（长期的）投标者入选名单（一般标准）；另一组用来决定选择承包商承担某一项特定的项目（特定标准）。5.业主在选择承包商时还会考虑其他因素的价格风险，因此，一般使用投标价格加“获取费”这种可能为业主所能预测到的总价格。Exercises（Translate the following Chinese into English,or English into Chinese）6.In most cases letters of intent are
37、worded in such a way as to create no commitment on the part of the Employer and the potential Contractor carries out any preliminary work or incurs at his own risk.7.The Engineers department will have to seek approval of either or both of these before making any fundamental decision or even any deci
38、sion at all involving any change in the works.8.For very large projects,however,where the client will be the government of a country,it is perhaps legitimate to ask whether it is right for the employer to expect to recover from an insurance company and therefore from the premiums paid by other contr
39、ibutors world wide any extra cost that may arise in his project.9.If the contractor has no such confidence in the experience and professionalism of the engineer,he will cover himself against possible greater expense by increasing his tender by an amount which he thinks will cover his risk of loss.10
40、.It would be very easy for him to gain a reputation,however underserved,of covering up his own mistakes if he had designed the works as well as supervising their construction,unless he is absolutely dispassionate when design problems arise.Exercises（Translate the following Chinese into English,or English into Chinese）
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