1、目录第1章词汇语法技巧指南1.1考核要求和出题形式1.2词汇语法考点归纳1.3答题技巧与备考建议第2章词汇语法高分特训1100题2.1单项选择填空名词及名词词组动词及动词词组形容词、副词及词组介词及介词词组语法2.2单项选择替换名词及名词词组动词及动词词组形容词、副词及词组介词及介词词组第1章词汇语法技巧指南“二外英语”是全国各院校日语、法语、德语、俄语等外国语专业（不含英语）研究生入学考试科目，考生第二外语为英语。一般来说，“二外英语”总分为100分，考试时间为3小时。1.1考核要求和出题形式1. 二外英语词汇语法部分考核要求对于“二外英语”，全国各大院校自主命题，而且各院校的考核要求水平也
2、有差异，所以没有相应的考试大纲来说明其考核要求。通过分析各大院校的二外英语历年试题，可看出二外英语大致相当于大学公共英语四、六级水平，而且，二外英语历年试题中有些是出自四、六级考试的真题，有些是出自英语专业四级考试真题（大致相当于公共英语六级水平），还有些是出自考研英语真题，虽然比重不大，但从此可看出目前高校对考生二外英语的大体要求，下面根据大学英语四、六级考试大纲以及非英语专业本科生大学英语课程教学要求，对“二外英语”的词汇语法部分考核要求归纳如下：词汇方面，要求掌握4000基本常用词汇，了解词形、语义、常用的搭配、同义词、反义词等。语法方面，掌握主谓一致关系、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和
3、状语从句等句型、直接引语和间接引语的用法、动词不定式和分词的用法、各种时态、主动语态、被动语态和强调、倒装、平行结构等。2. 试题类型和出题形式（1）词汇题词汇题的考核内容较为广泛，包括对名词、形容词、动词、冠词等多种词性、各种短语及固定搭配结构的判断和理解，其中包括对同义词、近义词、反义词的辨认与区分等；根据上下文对词和词组意义的判断等。出题形式主要有以下几种： 题目为一个留有空白的英文句子，要求考生从所给的四个选项选出最恰当的词或词组。如：Most people are not yet aware that water is a precious resource that must be
4、_.A. conservedB. enrichedC. preservedD. reserved 要求对单句中划有底横线的词进行替换选择，即从所给出的四个选择项中选出一个最佳替换词。如：The little boy had had a long day, he was feeling drowsy.A. lazyB. exhaustedC. sleepyD. sad（2）语法题语法题测试的重点包括时态、语态、语气、非谓语动词形式、强调、倒装、平行结构等。出题形式主要有以下几种： 题目为一个留有空白的英文句子，要求考生从时态、句型等语法角度，从所给的四个选项中选出可用在句中的最恰当的词、词组或句
5、子。如：_ a little earlier this morning! I missed the school bus by only a minuteand had to wait in the cold for nearly an hour!A. If I had got upB. If only I get upC. If only I had got upD. If I got up 要求在句子的空白处填入正确的介词、副词等，使句子完整。如：Some scientists believe that language has a great impact _ peoplesthinki
6、ng.1.2词汇语法考点归纳通过对各高校“二外英语”词汇语法部分分析研究，我们对词汇语法的常考点进行归纳。一、语法“二外英语”常考语法点有：虚拟语气、非谓语动词、动词时态语态、定语从句、情态动词、比较句型、倒装句、强调句型、状语从句。（一）虚拟语气的用法A. 条件从句类（1）if引导的从句类（2）混合虚拟条件类混合时态的虚拟指的是主句和从句分别表示两个时态，动词形式依照上述三种形式进行相应的变化。如：If you had done your homework, you would not be criticized by yourteacher now.（3）含蓄虚拟条件类含蓄虚拟语气是指假设
7、条件不通过if从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。考生应熟悉： 连词but，but that，or，or else；副词otherwise，unfortunately等表示转折假设。如：A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger.Unfortunately, it was never done. 介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without，but for，under morefavorable conditions等。如：But for the English examination I wo
8、uld have gone to the concert lastSunday. intended/meant/hoped/wished或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time. 情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didnt.B. 从句中的(should) d
9、o句型类（1）动词suggest，propose，ask，command，demand，require，urge，order，recommend，insist，prefer等后加that引导的宾语从句中使用should do句型。（suggest，recommend和insist分别当“表明”“推荐”和“坚持认为”讲时不用虚拟语气。）如：In the past men generally preferred that their wives work in the home.（2）由上述动词派生来的名词后加that引导的同位语从句或表语从句中用should do句型。如： He agreed
10、with my suggestion that we should change the date. （同位语从句） His command is that work on the building should cease. （表语从句）（3）当上述动词的过去分词及下列形容词strange，important，necessary，essential，urgent，natural，unusual，advisable，desirable，vital等用于句型It is .that中时，that引导的从句中用should do句型。如：They keep telling us it is of u
11、tmost importance that our representative besent to the conference on schedule.C. 固定句型类以下所列单词或短语后所引出的从句，如果是现在的情况，要用一般过去时；如果是过去的情况，要用过去完成时。(1) It is about/high time(that)“是时间了”如：It is high time that we handed in the homework. 现在是我们该交作业的时候了。(2) would rather“宁愿”如：Mary would rather she had not broken the
12、 window. 玛丽真希望她自己没有打破这个窗户。(3) wish“希望”如：We wish that he could be with us tomorrow. 但愿他明天和我们在一起。（对将来的虚拟）I wish they were at home this time. 我希望现在他们能在家。（对现在的虚拟）I wish I hadnt hurt him so much. 我真希望我没伤害他这么深。（对过去的虚拟）(4) If only“要是就好了”例如：If only I were twenty years old. 我要是二十岁就好了。(5) as if/though“仿佛，好像”如
13、：They were sitting there as if nothing had happened. 他们只是坐在那里就像什么事都没发生过。例：_ before we leave the day after tomorrow, we should have awonderful time together.A. Had they arrivedB. Would they arriveC. Were they arrivingD. Were they to arrive更多各类考试资料 v：344647 公众号：顺通考试资料 D【答案】省略if的条件的虚拟语气。此句为if引导的虚拟语气从句，
14、省略if时从句要倒装。当表示对未来事情的虚拟时，从句用should/were to动词原形，主句用would/should动词原形。【解析】（二）非谓语动词的用法非谓语动词的各种用法是考研英语考试中对语法项目要求中非常重要的一项，它包括三种形式：不定式(infinitive)，动名词和分词。非谓语动词之所以得名，是因为它不能独立作谓语，不受主语的人称和数的限制，但仍然具有动词的某些特征，在句中可充当主语、宾语、定语、状语及补语等。1. 不定式不定式在句中可担任除谓语以外的所有成分，即主语、宾语、宾补、表语、定语和状语。1) 作主语如果作主语的不定式较长而谓语较短时，常用it作形式主语。To f
15、inish the work within three days is impossible.It is impossible to finish the work within three days.2) 作宾语和宾补We have decided to leave next week.She called me to go back home at once. 有些动词只能以不定式作宾语，主要有：afford，agree，arrange，ask，attempt，beg，care，choose，claim，dare，decide，determine，expect，fail，hope，inte
16、nd，learn，manage，mean，need，offer，plan，prepare，pretend，promise，refuse，seek，tend，volunteer，want，wish等。I cannot afford to buy such an expensive car. 不定式作宾语其后又接宾补时，常用it作形式宾语，而将不定式放到宾补后面。I found it impossible to get everything ready in time. 不带 to 的不定式：在 let，make，have，see，hear，listen to，lookat，feel，observ
17、e，watch，notice 等动词后，作宾补的不定式不带to。但是，在被动语态中，不定式要带to（此时不定式作主补）。He made his son read the text loudly.His son was made to read the text loudly.2. 动名词动名词主要起名词作用，可在句中作主语、宾语和表语，也可作介词宾语。1) 作主语在“It is no use (good) doing.”句型中，常用it作形式主语，而将作主语用的动名词短语放在后面。如：It is no good leaving todays work for tomorrow.2) 作宾语 有
18、些动词只能以动名词作宾语，常见的有：admit，avoid，consider，deny，enjoy，endure，fancy，finish，forbid，imagine，mind，miss，permit，postpone，practice，require，risk，stop，suggest等。如：The hostess would certainly enjoy receiving the item as a gift. 有些动词短语也要求动名词作宾语，常见的有：cant help，feellike，give up，keep on，object to，put off等。如：I couldnt
19、help wondering what this was all about.3) 动名词的逻辑主语动名词的逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时，应有自己的逻辑主语，其形式是：人称代词或名词的所有格+动名词。如：He was annoyed at my interrupting him.4) 动名词的完成形式和被动形式 动名词的完成形式：having+过去分词，表示动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。如：He regretted not having taken the doctors advice. 动名词的被动形式：being+过去分词，表示动名词的动作与其逻辑主语的关
20、系是被动的。如：They were afraid of being rejected because of their condition.5) 动名词与不定式作宾语的区别有些动词既可以动名词又可以不定式作宾语，且意思差别不大，但有些动词以动名词或不定式作宾语时，意思有较大差别。如： remember to do 记得要做（某事）/ remember doing 记得曾做过（某事） forget to do 忘记要做（某事）/ forget doing 忘记曾做过（某事） go on to do （做完某事后）继续做（另一事）/ go on doing 继续做（某事） regret to do
21、 对要做（某事）感到遗憾 / regret doing 对已做过（某事）感到后悔 need to do 需要做（某事）/ need doing 需要（被动）3. 分词分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词表示主动、进行的意义；过去分词表示被动、完成的意义。如：boiling water (water which isboiling)，沸水；boiled water (water which has been boiled)，开水。分词主要起形容词和副词作用，在句中作表语、定语、宾补（主补）和状语等。1) 作定语分词作定语时与被修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓意义。分词短语作定语时，置于被修饰的词之后。如
22、：Most of the computers are small machines sitting on (= which sit on) thedesks.There are all sorts of computers connected to (= which are connected to) theInternet.2) 作宾补（主补）宾语与宾补有逻辑上的主谓意义。常以分词作宾补的动词有：catch，have，keep，get，see，hear，find，feel，leave，make，want，start，notice，observe，watch，set等。如：The police
23、man caught the young man stealing from the shop.Libraries often have computers connected to the Internet for members of thepublic to use.3) 作状语 表示时间，多置于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词，要用完成式。如：Having completed one task, we started on another one. (complete先于start之前发生) 表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用一般式。如：There
24、 seemed little hope that the explorer, having been deserted in thetropical forest, would find his way through it. 表示伴随、方式，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she wouldreturn it soon.Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely lost to the outsideworld. 表示
25、结果，置于句尾。如：European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popularsport in the world. 表示补充说明（同位），置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, eachmaking one major point in contrast with the other. 表示条件如：Weather permitting, well go to the Great Wal
26、l tomorrow.4) 分词的独立主格结构分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语，称为分词独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分。如：All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decidedto take the train.Darkness setting in, the young couple lingered on merrymaking.5) 现在分词的完成形式和被动形式 现在分词的完成形式：having+过去分词，表示分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。如：Having
27、 been there many times, she is quite familiar with the city. 现在分词的被动形式：being+过去分词，表示分词的动作正在发生，或与谓语动作同时发生，但与主语的关系是被动的，作状语时相当于过去分词。如：The person being interviewed is my former classmate.(Being) bothered by the noise, he could not concentrate himself on his work. 现在分词的完成被动形式：having+been+过去分词。如：Having be
28、en rebuilt, the palace looks more splendid.例 1：_, the guest speaker was ushered into the auditorium hall to givethe lecture.A. Being shown around the campusB. Having shown to the campusC. After been shown around the campusD. Having been shown around the campusD【答案】完成时现在分词形式表时间。be shown around the ca
29、mpus这一动作发生在 was ushered in to the auditorium hall之前，应用完成时；另外，由题意可知需要用被动形式。【解析】例 2：Telecommuting is a new form of work _ to work, such as fatherswith children, the chance to work while remaining at home.A. that affording those unable previouslyB. affords those who were previously unableC. affording t
30、hose previously unableD. afforded those previously unableC【答案】现在分词形式作定语。句意：远程办公是一种新的工作形式，它使得那些以前没办法上班的人（比如有小孩的父亲们）有机会在家里上班。主句是Telecommuting is a new form of work.后面可跟分词短语表伴随，也可跟同位语从句补充说明a new form of work。本题选C，若用从句形式，应为：that affords those who are previously unable .。【解析】（三）时态语态 常考时态1. 将来时测试重点（1）在时间、
31、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型。如：Ill tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。（宾语从句）比较：Ill tell him when you ring again. 你再打电话时我告诉他。（状语从句）（2）在make sure，make certain，see (to it)后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时。如：See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didntknow the answer to
32、 last time.2. 过去时测试重点主句谓语动词是过去时态，从句应根据上下文的意思选用相应的过去时态。 从句的动作与主句动作同时发生，从句用一般过去时或过去进行时。如：Her father said that she was preparing her lessons yesterday evening. 从句的动作发生在主句动作之前，从句用过去完成时。如：The hospital reported that its X-ray machine had failed. 从句的动作发生在主句动作之后，从句用过去将来时。如：He thought that his son would phon
33、e him as soon as he got there.注：当从句表示客观事实或真理时，其时态不受主句谓语时态的影响，总是用一般现在时。如：The teacher told the children that the earth always moves around thesun.3. 完成时测试重点(1) by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.(2)
34、by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如： By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe fortwo weeks. I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come backnext year.(3) by now、since+过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few（或具体数字）years/days/months，主句用现在完
35、成时，但在it is+具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。如： The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixtyyears would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliantscientists at the turn of the 19th century. It is four years since John left school.(4) 在It is the+序数词/形容词最高级+t
36、hat的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：It isnt the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassingsituation.(5) 在no sooner .than .，hardly/scarcely .when .句型中，主句常用过去完成时。答题思路：先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案； 语态确定主语与谓语之间的关系是正确应用语态的关键。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者；被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。不及物动词及表示状态的动词无被动语
37、态。如：They must finish all the work before March. (SVO) All the work mustbe finished (by them) before March.1) 主动语态的句子中，如宾补是不带to的不定式，当句子变成被动语态后，由宾补变为主补的不定式必须带to。如：The teacher made us write business letters in English. We were madeto write business letters in English.2) 带有主语从句的被动语态，常用形式主语it，将主语从句后置。It
38、is said that.It is reported that.It has been proved that.注：时态和语态经常和在一起考。例：How can I ever concentrate if you _ continually _ me withsilly questions?A. have, interruptedB. had, interruptedC. are, interruptingD. were, interruptedC【答案】句意：如果你一直问我如此愚蠢的问题、打扰我，我怎么能集中注意力干事呢？因为是这一段时间一直受打扰，所以用现在进行时。【解析】（四）定语从句
39、定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是一个句子。定语从句通常位于先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。1. 限制性定语从句限制性定语从句修饰先行词，对先行词起限制作用，紧接先行词之后，无逗号，若省去，原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有who，whom，whose，which，that等。who，whom，whose用于指人，whose有时也可指物，相当于of which；which用于指物；that既可指人，也可指物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。关系代词除了引导定语从句，替代先行词外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等。The computers and cables which
40、make up the Internet are owned by peopleand organizations.Those who live alone or who are sick may have trouble in getting close toother people.The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her grandmother.（1）当先行词是all，anything，everything，something，nothing等不定代词，或先行词前有first，last，any，few，mu
41、ch，some，no，only以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词that引导定语从句。That is all that I have heard from him.He is the first person that Im going to interview this afternoon.（2）关系代词的省略：在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用that，只可用which或whom引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于定语从句的句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that，也可省略。This is one of those things with whi
42、ch we have to put up.This is one of those things (which/ that) we have to put up with.（3）引导定语从句的关系副词有 when，where，why等。关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。Even in comic books where (= in which) there are no words, the stories arefully expressed through the drawings.No one knows the reason why (= for wh
43、ich) he was so angry that day.2. 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去，原句意思不受影响。不可用that引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。Every object has a gravitational pull, which is rather like magnetism.3. “介词 + which/ whom / whose”引导的定语从句“介词+which/ whom/ whose”可引导限制性的定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭
44、配，或先行词的习惯搭配。This is the computer on which he spent all his savings.4. as引导的定语从句as 引导的定语从句主要用于such.as及the same.as的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。These are not such problems as can be easily solved. (as代替先行词problems)例：_ is often the case with a new idea, much preliminary activit
45、y andoptimistic discussion produced no concrete proposals.A. ThatB. ItC. ThisD. AsD【答案】as引导的非限制性定语从句。句意：正如一种新的观念产生时一样，人们总是做许多准备活动和积极的讨论，却拿不出具体的建议。as作关系代词，引导非限定性定语从句，表达整个主句的意思。非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。【解析】（五）情态动词的用法在考研英语考试中，情态助动词是常考的项目。尤其是情态动词动词完成体的结构，用来表示对过去的行为或动作进行推测或评论。
46、常见的有如下结构：1. must have done表示对过去事实肯定的猜测，意为“一定发生了”。如：Since the ground is wet, it must have rained last night.在表示否定的猜测时，即当意思为“一定没发生”时，用cannot/ could nothave done结构。2. could/may/ might have done表示“很可能、或许发生了”，表示不太肯定的推测。其中might havedone表示事情“本来可能而事实却未发生”。3. should/ ought to have done表示事情“本来应该发生而事实上却未发生”。相应
47、地，此结构的否定式表示事情“本来不应该发生而事实上却发生了”。4. neednt have done表示“本不必而事实上却发生了”，是对过去事情的必要性的否定；而didnt need to do表示“不必发生而且也没有发生”，这也是对过去事情的必要性的否定。如：It is Sunday today, you neednt have gone to school! （言下之意是去学校的动作已经发生了。）（六）比较句型1. not so much .as .与其说不如说如：The chief reason for the population growth isnt so much a rise
48、in birthrates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.2. no/ not any more .than .两者一样都不如：The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are bothcontrolled by the brain.3. no/ not any less .than .两者一样都如：She is no less beautiful than her sister.4. just as .so
49、.正如，也（用倒装结构）如：Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere.5. A is to B what C is to D A对B而言正如C对D一样6. The er, the er, 越越例：The most interesting new cars may owe _ the simple wisdom ofhiring a few talented people and allowing them to work.A. less local free-spiritedness thanB. less lo
50、cal free-spiritedness than toC. to less local flee-spiritedness than toD. less to local free-spiritedness than toD【答案】考查less.than.的比较句型。句意：这些新型有趣的车（的出【解析】现）与其说归功于当地自由和活跃的气氛，还不说是聘用少数几个人才并能允许他们放手去干的这份睿智。owe to归功于。（七）倒装句根据主语和谓语在句中的位置，倒装句可分为完全倒装和部分倒装。完全倒装指整个谓语置于主语之前。部分倒装指谓语的一部分置于主语之前，通常是将助动词或情态动词提前。1. 当
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