中华人民共和国宪法EN.docx

1、CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA(Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Fifth National Peoples Congress on December 4, 1982 and adopted at the First Session of the Eighted National Peoples Congress on March 29, 1993 )CONTENTSPREAMBLECHAPTER I GENERAL PRINCIPLECHAPTER II THE FUNDAMENTAL RIG

2、HTS AND DUTIES OF CITIZENSCHAPTER III THE STRUCTURE OF THE STATESECTION 1 NATIONAL PEOPLES CONGRESSSECTION 2 THE PRESIDENT OF THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINASECTION 3 THE STATE COUNCILSECTION 4 THE CENTRAL MILITARY COMMISSIONSECTION 5 THE LOCAL PEOPLES CONGRESSES AND LOCAL PEOPLES GOVERNMENTS AT VARIO

3、US LEVELSSECTION 6 THE ORGANS OF SELF-GOVERNMENT OF NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS AREASSECTION 7 THE PEOPLES COURTS AND THE PEOPLES PROCURATORATESCHAPTER IV THE NATIONAL FLAG, THE NATIONAL EMBLEM AND THE CAPITALPREAMBLEChina is a country with one of the longest histories in the world. The people of all of Chi

4、nas nationalities have jointly created a culture of grandeur and have a glorious revolutionary tradition.After 1840, feudal China was gradually turned into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country. The Chinese people waged many successive heroic struggles for national independence and liberation and

5、for democracy and freedom.Great and earthshaking historical changes have taken place in China in the 20th century.The Revolution of 1911, led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, abolished the feudal monarchy and gave birth to the Republic of China. But the historic mission of the Chinese people to overthrow imperia

6、lism and feudalism remained unaccomplished.After waging protracted and arduous struggles, armed and otherwise, along a zigzag course, the Chinese people of all nationalities led by the Communist Party of China with Chairman Mao Zedong as its leader ultimately,in 1949, overthrew the rule of imperiali

7、sm,feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism, won a great victory in the New-Democratic Revolution and founded the Peoples Republic of China. Since then the Chinese people have taken control of state power and become masters of the country.After the founding of the Peoples Republic,China gradually achieve

8、d its transition from a New-Democratic to a socialist society. The socialist transformation of the private ownership of the means of production has been completed, the system of exploitation of man by man abolished and the socialist system established. The peoples democratic dictatorship led by the

9、working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants, which is in essence the dictatorship of the proletariat, has been consolidated and developed. The Chinese people and the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army have defeated imperialist and hegemonist aggression, sabotage and armed provocatio

10、ns and have thereby safeguarded Chinas national independence and security and strengthened its national defence. Major successes have been achieved in economic development. An independent and relatively comprehensive socialist system of industry has basically been established. There has been a marke

11、d increase in agricultural production. Significant advances have been made in educational, scientific and cultural undertakings, while education in socialist ideology has produced noteworthy results. The life of the people has improved considerably.Both the victory in Chinas New-Democratic Revolutio

12、n and the successes in its socialist cause have been achieved by the Chinese people of all nationalities, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, by upholding truth, correcting errors and surmounting numerous difficulties and

13、hardships. China is at the primary stage of socialism. The basic task of the nation is to concentrate its effort on socialist modernization in line with the theory of building socialism with Chinese characteristic. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism-Leni

14、nism and Mao Zedong Thought, the Chinese people of all nationalities will continue to adhere to the peoples democratic dictatorship and the socialist road, perservere in reform and opening to the outside world, steadily improve socialist institutions, develop socialist democracy, improve the sociali

15、st legal system, and work hard and self-reliantly to modernize the countrys industry, agriculture, national defence and science and technology step by step to turn China into a socialist country that is prosperous, powerful, democratic and culturally advanced.The exploiting classes as such have been

16、 abolished in our country. However, class struggle will continue to exist within certain bounds for a long time to come. The Chinese people must fight against those forces and elements, both at home and abroad, that are hostile to Chinas socialist system and try to undermine it.Taiwan is part of the

17、 sacred territory of the Peoples Republic of China. It is the inviolable duty of all Chinese people, including our compatriots in Taiwan, to accomplish the great task of reunifying the motherland.In building socialism it is essential to rely on workers, peasants and intellectuals and to unite all fo

18、rces that can be united. In the long years of revolution and construction, there has been formed under the leadership of the Communist Party of China a broad patriotic united front which is composed of the democratic parties and peoples organizations and which embraces all socialist working people,

19、all patriots who support socialism and all patriots who stand for the reunification of the motherland. This united front will continue to be consolidated and developed. The Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference, a broadly based representative organization of the united front which has pl

20、ayed a significant historical role, will play a still more important role in the countrys political and social life, in promoting friendship with other countries and in the struggle for socialist modernization and for the reunification and unity of the country. The system of the multi- party coopera

21、tion and political consultation led by the Communist Party of CHina will exist and develop for a long time.The Peoples Republic of China is a unitary multi-national state created jointly by the people of all its nationalities. Socialist relations of equality, unity and mutual assistance have been es

22、tablished among the nationalities and will continue to be strengthened. In the struggle to safeguard the unity of the nationalities, it is necessary to combat big-nation chauvinism, mainly Han chauvinism, and to combat local national chauvinism. The state will do its utmost to promote the common pro

23、sperity of all the nationalities.Chinas achievements in revolution and construction are inseparable from the support of the people of the world. The future of China is closely linked to the future of the world. China consistently carries out an independent foreign policy and adheres to the five prin

24、ciples of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each others internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence in developing diplomatic relations and economic and cultural exchanges with other countries. China consis

25、tently opposes imperialism, hegemonism and colonialism, works to strengthen unity with the people of other countries, supports the oppressed nations and the developing countries in their just struggle to win and preserve national independence and develop their national economies, and strives to safe

26、guard world peace and promote the cause of human progress.This Constitution, in legal form, affirms the achievements of the struggles of the Chinese people of all nationalities and defines the basic system and basic tasks of the state; it is the fundamental law of the state and has supreme legal aut

27、hority. The people of all nationalities, all state organs, the armed forces, all political parties and public organizations and all enterprises and institutions in the country must take the Constitution as the basic standard of conduct, and they have the duty to uphold the dignity of the Constitutio

28、n and ensure its implementation.中华人民共和国宪法（一九八二年十二月四日第五届全国人民代表大会第五次会议通过一九八二年十二月四日全国人民代表大会公告公布施行）（相关资料:法律80篇行政法规47篇部门规章189篇司法解释39篇其他规范性文件23篇案例2篇裁判文书31篇修订沿革相关论文89篇实务指南）目录序言第一章总纲第二章公民的基本权利和义务第三章国家机构第一节全国人民代表大会第二节中华人民共和国主席第三节国务院第四节中央军事委员会第五节地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府第六节民族自治地方的自治机关第七节人民法院和人民检察院第四章国旗、国徽、首都序言中国是世界

29、上历史最悠久的国家之一。中国各族人民共同创造了光辉灿烂的文化，具有光荣的革命传统。一八四年以后，封建的中国逐渐变成半殖民地、半封建的国家。中国人民为国家独立、民族解放和民主自由进行了前仆后继的英勇奋斗。二十世纪，中国发生了翻天覆地的伟大历史变革。一九一一年孙中山先生领导的辛亥革命，废除了封建帝制，创立了中华民国。但是，中国人民反对帝国主义和封建主义的历史任务还没有完成。一九四九年，以毛泽东主席为领袖的中国共产党领导中国各族人民，在经历了长期的艰难曲折的武装斗争和其他形式的斗争以后，终于推翻了帝国主义、封建主义和官僚资本主义的统治，取得了新民主主义革命的伟大胜利，建立了中华人民共和国。从此，中国

30、人民掌握了国家的权力，成为国家的主人。中华人民共和国成立以后，我国社会逐步实现了由新民主主义到社会主义的过渡。生产资料私有制的社会主义改造已经完成，人剥削人的制度已经消灭，社会主义制度已经确立。工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政，实质上即无产阶级专政，得到巩固和发展。中国人民和中国人民解放军战胜了帝国主义、霸权主义的侵略、破坏和武装挑衅，维护了国家的独立和安全，增强了国防。经济建设取得了重大的成就，独立的、比较完整的社会主义工业体系已经基本形成，农业生产显著提高。教育、科学、文化等事业有了很大的发展，社会主义思想教育取得了明显的成效。 广大人民的生活有了较大的改善。中国新民主主义革

31、命的胜利和社会主义事业的成就，都是中国共产党领导中国各族人民，在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想的指引下，坚持真理，修正错误，战胜许多艰难险阻而取得的。今后国家的根本任务是集中力量进行社会主义现代化建设。中国各族人民将继续在中国共产党领导下，在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想指引下，坚持人民民主专政，坚持社会主义道路，不断完善社会主义的各项制度，发展社会主义民主，健全社会主义法制，自力更生，艰苦奋斗，逐步实现工业、农业、国防和科学技术的现代化，把我国建设成为高度文明、高度民主的社会主义国家。在我国，剥削阶级作为阶级已经消灭，但是阶级斗争还将在一定范围内长期存在。中国人民对敌视和破坏我国社会主义制度的国内外

32、的敌对势力和敌对分子，必须进行斗争。台湾是中华人民共和国的神圣领土的一部分。完成统一祖国的大业是包括台湾同胞在内的全中国人民的神圣职责。社会主义的建设事业必须依靠工人、农民和知识分子，团结一切可以团结的力量。在长期的革命和建设过程中，已经结成由中国共产党领导的，有各民主党派和各人民团体参加的，包括全体社会主义劳动者、拥护社会主义的爱国者和拥护祖国统一的爱国者的广泛的爱国统一战线，这个统一战线将继续巩固和发展。中国人民政治协商会议是有广泛代表性的统一战线组织，过去发挥了重要的历史作用，今后在国家政治生活、社会生活和对外友好活动中，在进行社会主义现代化建设、维护国家的统一和团结的斗争中，将进一步发

33、挥它的重要作用。中华人民共和国是全国各族人民共同缔造的统一的多民族国家。平等、团结、互助的社会主义民族关系已经确立，并将继续加强。在维护民族团结的斗争中，要反对大民族主义，主要是大汉族主义，也要反对地方民族主义。国家尽一切努力，促进全国各民族的共同繁荣。中国革命和建设的成就是同世界人民的支持分不开的。中国的前途是同世界的前途紧密地联系在一起的。中国坚持独立自主的对外政策，坚持互相尊重主权和领土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政、平等互利、和平共处的五项原则，发展同各国的外交关系和经济、文化的交流；坚持反对帝国主义、霸权主义、殖民主义，加强同世界各国人民的团结，支持被压迫民族和发展中国家争取和维护民族

34、独立、发展民族经济的正义斗争，为维护世界和平和促进人类进步事业而努力。本宪法以法律的形式确认了中国各族人民奋斗的成果，规定了国家的根本制度和根本任务，是国家的根本法，具有最高的法律效力。全国各族人民、一切国家机关和武装力量、各政党和各社会团体、各企业事业组织，都必须以宪法为根本的活动准则，并且负有维护宪法尊严、保证宪法实施的职责。CHAPTER I GENERAL PRINCIPLES第一章总纲Article 1 The Peoples Republic of China is a socialist state under the peoples democratic dictatorshi

35、p led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants.The socialist system is the basic system of the Peoples Republic of China. Disruption of the socialist system by any organization or individual is prohibited.第一条中华人民共和国是工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政的社会主义国家。社会主义制度是中华人民共和国的根本制度。禁止任

36、何组织或者个人破坏社会主义制度。（相关资料:修订沿革相关论文2篇）Article 2 All power in the Peoples Republic of China belongs to the people.The National Peoples Congress and the local peoples congresses at various levels are the organs through which the people exercise state power.The people administer state affairs and manage eco

37、nomic, cultural and social affairs through various channels and in various ways in accordance with the law.第二条中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民。人民行使国家权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会。人民依照法律规定，通过各种途径和形式，管理国家事务，管理经济和文化事业，管理社会事务。（相关资料:修订沿革相关论文2篇）Article 3 The state organs of the Peoples Republic of China apply the principle o

38、f democratic centralism.The National Peoples Congress and the local peoples congresses at various levels are constituted through democratic elections. They are responsible to the people and subject to their supervision.All administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs of the state are created by

39、 the peoples congresses to which they are responsible and by which they are supervised.The division of functions and powers between the central and local state organs is guided by the principle of giving full scope to the initiative and enthusiasm of the local authorities under the unified leadershi

40、p of the central authorities.第三条中华人民共和国的国家机构实行民主集中制的原则。全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会都由民主选举产生，对人民负责，受人民监督。国家行政机关、审判机关、检察机关都由人民代表大会产生，对它负责，受它监督。中央和地方的国家机构职权的划分，遵循在中央的统一领导下，充分发挥地方的主动性、积极性的原则。（相关资料:修订沿革相关论文4篇）Article 4 All nationalities in the Peoples Republic of China are equal. The state protects the lawful rig

41、hts and interests of the minority nationalities and upholds and develops a relationship of equality, unity and mutual assistance among all of Chinas nationalities. Discrimination against and oppression of any nationality are prohibited; any act which undermines the unity of the nationalities or inst

42、igates division is prohibited.The state assists areas inhabited by minority nationalities in accelerating their economic and cultural development according to the characteristics and needs of the various minority nationalities.Regional autonomy is practiced in areas where people of minority national

43、ities live in concentrated communities; in these areas organs of self-government are established to exercise the power of autonomy. All national autonomous areas are integral parts of the Peoples Republic of China.All nationalities have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written lan

44、guages and to preserve or reform their own folkways and customs.第四条中华人民共和国各民族一律平等。国家保障各少数民族的合法的权利和利益，维护和发展各民族的平等、团结、互助关系。禁止对任何民族的歧视和压迫，禁止破坏民族团结和制造民族分裂的行为。国家根据各少数民族的特点和需要，帮助各少数民族地区加速经济和文化的发展。各少数民族聚居的地方实行区域自治，设立自治机关，行使自治权。各民族自治地方都是中华人民共和国不可分离的部分。各民族都有使用和发展自己的语言文字的自由，都有保持或者改革自己的风俗习惯的自由。（相关资料:修订沿革相关论文4篇

45、）Article 5 The state upholds the uniformity and dignity of the socialist legal system.No laws or administrative or local rules and regulations may contravene the Constitution.All state organs, the armed forces, all political parties and public organizations and all enterprises and institutions must

46、abide by the Constitution and the law. All acts in violation of the Constitution or the law must be investigated.No organization or individual is privileged to be beyond the Constitution or the law.第五条国家维护社会主义法制的统一和尊严。一切法律、行政法规和地方性法规都不得同宪法相抵触。一切国家机关和武装力量、各政党和各社会团体、各企业事业组织都必须遵守宪法和法律。一切违反宪法和法律的行为，必须予以

47、追究。任何组织或者个人都不得有超越宪法和法律的特权。（相关资料:修订沿革相关论文4篇）Article 6 The basis of the socialist economic system of the Peoples Republic of China is socialist public ownership of the means of production, namely, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working people.The system of socialist publ

48、ic ownership supersedes the system of exploitation of man by man; it applies the principle of from each according to his ability, to each according to his work.第六条中华人民共和国的社会主义经济制度的基础是生产资料的社会主义公有制，即全民所有制和劳动群众集体所有制。社会主义公有制消灭人剥削人的制度，实行各尽所能，按劳分配的原则。（相关资料:修订沿革相关论文4篇）Article 7 The state-owned economy, namely, the socialist economy under ownership by the whole peo