1、BLADEDEngineering feature summary02 DNV Bladed04INTRODUCTION05ENGINEERING MODELS05Structural dynamics08Offshore modelling10Aerodynamics12Environmental models16Control systems17Electrical modelling17REFERENCES Bladed DNV 03 Digital Solutions at DNVDNV is a world-leading provider of digital solutions
2、and software applications with focus on the energy, maritime and healthcare markets. Our solutions are used worldwide to manage risk and performance for wind turbines, electric grids, pipelines, processing plants, offshore structures, ships, and more. Supported by our domain knowledge and Veracity a
3、ssurance platform, we enable companies to digitize and manage business critical activities in a sustainable, cost-efficient, safe and secure way.软件下载：https:/ 提取码：k2am 04 DNV BladedBladed is the industry standard wind turbine aero-elastic design tool, providing a sophisticated numerical model of your
4、 wind turbine and its environment. Bladeds engineering model capability has been developed for over 20 years and is continually enhanced to meet the needs of todays wind turbine designers.This brochure briefly describes the main technical features in Bladed to achieve an accurate model of onshore, o
5、ffshore and floating wind turbines in their environment. The turbine model is described in terms of structural dynamics, aerodynamics, offshore modelling, control systems and electrical modelling. Environmental models are also discussed. Bladed DNV 05 Bladed utilizes a completely self-consistent and
6、 rigorous multibody formulation of a wind turbines structural dynamics. This provides consistently reliable and accurate results and forms a solid foundation from which to extend the structural model with many new features in the ongoing development programme.Multibody dynamicsThe Bladed structural
7、dynamics code is based on a flexible multibody dynamics approach, similar to the approach defined by Shabana “1”. The multibody system allows various flexible and rigid bodies to be connected in an arbitrary tree-like structure.This flexible and powerful approach allows easy definition of many pre-d
8、efined turbine configurations in Bladed. The dynamic response of novel systems can be confidently predicted, as the behaviour of each component and the coupling between them is thoroughly validated.Modal analysis and Campbell diagramBladed includes structural flexibility for wind turbines blades, su
9、pport structure and drive train. Mode shapes and frequencies are calculated for each flexible body using the Craig-Bampton method “2”. Modal analysis is always performed for the tower, whereas the blade can use vibration modes or direct integration of the finite element degrees of freedom. Modal red
10、uction facilitates improved simulation speed without significant loss of accuracy. The modes from each component are coupled through the multibody code. Bladed can calculate the coupled modes in the steady state for the whole structure. These coupled frequencies can be com-pared to the rotor rotatio
11、nal frequency in a Campbell diagram to check for possible resonance issues. This calculation also derives the coupled modes damping and the contributions of the blade and tower modes to each coupled mode.ENGINEERING MODELSStructural dynamics06 DNV BladedNon-linear blade dynamicsEach flexible body in
12、 Bladed is a linear finite element body. Very flexible wind turbine blades can be split into multiple flexible bodies to achieve a geometrically non-linear model of blade deflection, as the outer blade parts can undergo large rotations relative to the blade root. This “multi-part” blade approach is
13、key to analyse the stability and dynamic response of large modern wind turbine blades.In Bladed, the blade can be split into any number of bodies. The schematic below illustrates a 2-part blade. The model has been recently validated against full scale measurements from the GE 6MWHaliade turbine “3”B
14、lade stability analysisFlexible modern wind turbine blades may be susceptible to instability at high rotor speeds. Bladeds blade stability tool creates a linearized model at a large range of input conditions for a rotor in power production or parked configurations.During power production, the dampin
15、g of the blade modes with increasing wind speed is evaluated, either at a fixed TSR or in a free-spin scenario. The rotor speed where the instability occurs and the vibration modes that contribute to the instability can be identified, providing key insight into the cause of the instability. Bladed D
16、NV 07 Pitch and yaw actuator modelsPhysical devices, such as pitch drives, are alsomodelled using Bladeds multibody dynamicsframework. Bladed comes pre-loaded with an array of detailed and versatile models of pitch and yaw actuation.Pitch actuators can be modelled using a characteristic response tim
17、e or by defining gains for implement-ing a torque feedback loop. Models are provided for linear or rotary actuators, and various other devices, such as limit switches and end stops.Bladed also supports pitch actuator modelling through an external DLL interface, as part of theAdvanced pitch actuator
18、module.Drive train modellingGeared and direct drive turbines can be modelledas a 1 degree of freedom system. These can beenhanced by LSS and HSS flexibility as necessary anda slipping clutch, which is also directly included in the multibody structural dynamics framework.For more detailed drive train
19、 modelling, Bladed canbe coupled to an external drive train model via a DLLinterface. This approach allows the complex behaviour of a detailed drive train model to be coupled to thedynamics of the rest of the turbine.The DLL interface supports non-linear and timevarying, models and supports disconti
20、nuities, for example frictional stick-slip and backlash. The gearbox DLL interface can be activated with torsional degrees of freedom only or with a full 6 degrees of freedom giving a complete dynamic model.The gearbox DLL functionality is available in theBladed Advanced transmission interface modul
21、e.08 DNV BladedBladed can model the offshore environment to design turbines to withstand the challenges of the harsh offshore environment.Integrated offshore analysisArbitrary space frame structures like jackets can be modelled in Bladed using beam elements and flexible joints. Models can be built i
22、n the Bladed user interface or imported from third party offshore de-sign tools, such as SESAM or SACS. Foundations can be modelled as linear springs or through non-linear P-Y curve definition.Bladed can generate irregular airy waves, regularairy or stream function waves. Loads are applied to the mo
23、del using Morisons equation. Linear or non-linear extreme waves can be inserted into an irregular sea as a constrained wave.Inclusion of the wind loads, turbine and jacket model and marine environment in the Bladed calculation allows for fully coupled aero-hydroservo- elastic simulation. This integr
24、ated approach aids the overall optimization of the wind turbine and support structure design. The cost reduction benefits of this approach were explored in DNVs Project FORCE innovation report. For further information, please read about the Bladed Offshore support structure module.Superelement analy
25、sisInstead of defining the jacket structure in Bladed, it is also possible to import a jacket superelement derived from an offshore support structure code, such as DNVs SESAM tool. In this case, the modal mass and stiffness matrices of the jacket, along with the wave loads, are imported into Bladed
26、and included in the simulation. Although the hydro-elastic coupling is excluded, this approach provides an accurate structural response and avoids the need for jacket details to be shared between the foundation designer and the turbine designer or to redefine the jacket and marine environment in Bla
27、ded.Offshore modelling Bladed DNV 09 Floating turbinesBladed can model floating wind turbines using a variety of mooring line and hydrodynamic models.Bladed dynamic mooring line model includes moorings in the multibody system by connecting several bar components together with universal joints to for
28、m a chain. This allows the mooring dynamics to be fully coupled to the rest of the turbine structure. The mooring lines also attract hydrodynamic loads through Morisons equation. To enable faster simulation, simple lookup moorings can be included through the addition of point masses and applied load
29、s. Lookup tables of applied stiffness and damping forces can be pre-calculated for catenary and tension leg moorings.Advanced hydrodynamicsStructures with very large members may require wave diffraction and radiation to be considered, using a boundary element method to calculate hydrodynamic loads.
30、Large structures hydrodynamic properties can be imported from a third party panel method code, such as WAMIT, AQWA or WADAM and then imported into Bladed for use in the simulation. This functionality is included in the Advanced hydrodynamics module.10 DNV BladedBladed uses a modern and rigorous blad
31、e element momentum (BEM) implementation which includes best practice aerodynamic models. The fundamental BEM theory is extended to deal with complex unsteady flow conditions by the following models.Tip and root lossThe model includes Prandtls tip and root loss corrections, to account for the effect
32、of the blade tip vortices on induced velocity. This model corrects the BEM assumption of an infinite number of blades, allowing the induction to vary around the rotor azimuth. The correction is based on modelling the wake as helicoidal vortex sheets.AerodynamicsDynamic wake modelsWhen inflow conditi
33、ons change, there is a delay in reaching the new equilibrium condition. Dynamic wake models from ye and Pitt & Peters model thelagged effect of trailing vorticity on the induced flow. The ye model is the recommended model, including a larger time for induction lag.Glauert skew wake modelGlauerts ske
34、w wake correction extends the BEM theory to incude effects from non-zero yaw angels. The model improves the accuracy of yaw moment predictions by better capturing the angle of attack variations in cases of high yaw error. Bladed DNV 11 Dynamic stallDynamic stall models extend the BEM model to more a
35、ccurately predict aerofoil lift and drag with varying inflow. In attached flow, the dynamic stall models introduce hysteresis to the lift and drag predictions. At high angles of attack, the dynamic stall models can account for leading edge and trailing edge separation. Three models of dynamic stall
36、are included in Bladed: Compressible Beddoes-Leishman Incompressible Beddoes-Leishman ye dynamic stallAileronsThe effect of ailerons can also be included by interpolation between sets of aerofoil lift and drag curves.12 DNV BladedBladed includes in-built models of the key environmental phenomena to
37、enable safe design of onshore and offshore wind turbines, including the effect of extreme events like earthquakes and typhoons.Tip and root lossThe model includes Prandtls tip and root loss corrections, to account for the effect of the blade tip vortices on induced velocity. This model corrects the
38、BEM assumption of an infinite number of blades, allowing the induction to vary around the rotor azimuth. The correction is based on modelling the wake as helicoidal vortex sheets.Wind modelsBladeds wind models include various steady and dynamic models necessary to cover all the required load cases.T
39、he deterministic wind components in Bladed include: Wind shear following a power law, exponential or user-defined profile Wind direction veer with user-defined profile Wind speed and direction transients following the standard IEC profiles Wake deficit distribution from upstream turbines Tower shado
40、w models for upwind and downwind configurationsEnvironmental models Bladed DNV 13 Turbulent wind files can be generated in Bladed according to the following spectral formulations: Kaimal von Karman MannThe wind speed at hub height can be matched to measured anemometer values in validationstudies. Wh
41、en conducting LiDAR simulations, two wind files can be used together to allow thewind field to evolve in a realistic manner.As an alternative to the inbuilt wind models users can substitute the wind field created by Bladed with their own dynamic link library (DLL). The DLL should return a wind veloc
42、ity vector at any requested time and location in three-dimensional global space.14 DNV BladedMarine environmentBladed includes models for regular and irregular wave states, and sea currents.Regular waves follow linear airy or stream function models, with the stream function order automatically deter
43、mined.Irregular wave states comprise of linear airy waves, according to JONSWAP, Pierson Moskowitz or a user-defined spectrum. Constrained linear of stream function waves can be included within the irregular sea state.By applying Bladeds external SEA file definition, users can use their own tools to
44、 create any sea states comprised oflinear wave components and can include directional spreading.Wave loads are typically applied to the structure through Morisons equation. A MacCamy-Fuchs correction is used to approximate diffraction effects for large members.Morisons equation may not be appropriat
45、e for structures with very large members. Wave diffraction and radiation become important and the boundary element method can be used to calculate hydrodynamic loads. A mesh of the structure is used to determine hydrodynamic properties using anexternal code, such as WAMIT, AQWA or WADAM. This can th
46、en be imported to Bladed for use in the simulation. This functionality is included in the Advanced hydrodynamics module. Bladed DNV 15 EarthquakesFor turbines in seismic areas, coupled aero-elastic analysis during earthquakes is required by design standards to accurately determine the effect on turb
47、ine loads.Bladed can generate earthquake acceleration time histories based on a target spectrum. The acceleration time history is shaped according to an appropriate shape function. Alternatively, recorded groundacceleration time histories can be used.Bladed supports a full 6 degree of freedom timehi
48、story (3 translational and 3 rotational DoFs) allowing maximum fidelity to investigate realistic earthquake conditions.This functionality is avaiable through the BladedSeismic module.16 DNV BladedBladed helps you to design controllers, use them in Bladed and evaluate the impact on loading and power
49、production.Internal and external controllersBladed provides an in-built controller with basic PI generator torque, blade pitch control and drive train damping feedback. Such controllers are useful for simple initial calculations.For more advanced control features for turbine design, Bladed enables y
50、ou to define your ownexternal controller in a DLL (dynamic-linked library). Bladed provides a modern, function based controller API (Application Programming Interface) to allow ro-bust and extendible communication between Bladed and an external controller DLL. External controllers are in discrete ti
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