中国历史 清日战争-宗泽亚.pdf
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1、 SERIES EDITOR: LEE JOHNSON LATE IMPERIAL CHINESE ARMIES 1520-1840 TEXT BY CHRIS PEERS COLOUR PLATES BY CHRISTA HOOK First published in Great Britain in 1997 by Osprey, a division of Reed Consumer Books Limited, Michelin House, 81 Fulham Road, London SW3 6RB Auckland and Melbourne. Copyright 1997 Re
2、ed International Books Ltd All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in
3、 any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Enquiries should be addressed to the Publishers. Osprey 2nd Floor, Unit 6, Spring Gardens, Tinworth Street, Vauxhall, London SE
4、11 5EH ISBN 1 85532 599 3 Filmset in Singapore by Pica Ltd Printed through World Print Ltd., Hong Kong Editor: Sharon van der Merwe Design: Adrian Hodgkins For a catalogue of all titles published by Osprey Military, please write to: Osprey Direct, PO Box 443, Peterborough, PE2 6ALA Acknowledgements
5、The author especially wishes to express his thanks to the following for their invaluable help and advice with this and the previous volumes: Duncan Head, Thorn Richardson of the Royal Armouries, and the staff of the Department of Oriental Antiquities at the British Museum. Publishers Note Readers ma
6、y wish to study this title in conjunction with the following Osprey publications: MAA 284 Imperial Chinese Armies (1) 200BC - AD589 MAA 295 Imperial Chinese Armies (2) 590 - AD1260 MAA 306 Chinese Civil War Armies 1911-49 MAA 218 Ancient Chinese Armies MAA 251 Medieval Chinese Armies 1260-1520 Artis
7、ts note Readers may care to note that the original paintings from which the colour plates in this book were prepared are available for private sale. All reproduction copyright whatsoever is retained by the Publisher. All enquiries should be addressed to: Scorpio Gallery, P.O. Box 475, Hailsham, East
8、 Sussex BN27 2SL The Publishers regret that they can enter into no correspondence upon this matter. LATE IMPERIAL CHINESE ARMIES 1520-1840 INTRODUCTION T his is the fifth and final volume in a series which has attempted to outline the military history of China from the earliest historical records un
9、til the middle of the 19th century. Until recently this history has been relatively inaccessible to the general public in the West. There has, therefore, been a tendency to suppose that the art of war in China remained static over long periods of time, and that the parlous state of its armed forces
10、at the time of the Opium Wars was their normal and unalterable condition, somehow rooted in the non-military nature of the people of China and their culture. It is to be hoped that this series has gone some way to dispel that myth, and to promote some awareness of a history as varied, as interesting
11、, and indeed as violent, as that of Europe. This volume covers the period between the arrival of the first seaborne Europeans and the beginning of the series of unequal treaties which forcibly opened China to European influence from the 1840s. During the Middle Ages, China had been in the forefront
12、of military technology, pioneering the development of the cannon and the ocean- going ship, which foreigners were later to use against her. After the 15th century this progress was not maintained, and stagnation set in. The reasons for this remain the subject of much debate, but we can identify some
13、 of the main factors: the lack of interest in warfare shown by the scholar class; excessive government regulation, driven by the fear that improved weapons might get into the hands of rebels; bankruptcy and corruption during the declining years of the Ming dynasty; and perhaps above all the lack of
14、local rivals of comparable strength, which bred a complacent assumption that Chinese organisation and numbers would always prevail. Whatever the reasons, by the 16th century European firearms were already superior to Chinese designs, and by the middle of the 19th, China had fallen so far behind the
15、industrialising West as to be effectively helpless. The huge size of the empire, its cultural self-confidence and its political sophistication prevented this technological imbalance from being as immediately disastrous as it had been for many other societies. There was never any question of the Chin
16、ese being subjugated by a handful of foreigners, as the Aztecs and Incas had been. In fact, as late as the end of the 18th century - following an era which had seen the world increasingly divided into colonial powers and their victims - China was still on the side of the winners. The Ching dynasty o
17、f the Manchus, who had overthrown the native Ming in the 1640s, then ruled over the largest and most populous empire in the world, with territories that had doubled in size in the previous few decades. 3 Ming flags, from a 16th century scroll. a. White animal on red ground, outlined in white, with y
18、ellow clouds; streamer white, with alternate bands of red and blue; fringe dark blue or red. b. Dark blue, with red character. Under the Manchus, China reached its greatest ever extent - roughly the present boundaries of the Peoples Republic plus Taiwan, Mongolia and the northern part of Manchuria.
19、In the process of gaining this ter- ritory they had finally subjugated the Central Asian nomads, the main threat to Chinese civilisation for two millennia. The period covered here also saw: the building of the present Great Wall; the forestalling of a Japanese attempt to conquer Korea; the tremendou
20、s and protracted struggle for power between the Ming and the Manchus; and successful Manchu expeditions as far afield as Siberia, Kazakhstan and Nepal. Inevitably, Chinas increasing contact with the West provides us with a new perspective on its military system. For the first time we are able to tak
21、e a detached view, and see it not just through Chinese eyes, but through those of outsiders. Perhaps equally inevitably, the picture we get is not a flattering one. When reading the accounts of people as far apart in time as de Rada in the 1570s and Huc in the 1840s, it is impossible not to be struc
22、k by the similarities. The Chinese, we are repeatedly told, are cowardly and unwarlike, and when forced to fight, do so in disorganised crowds, capering and shouting in a ridiculous manner, with the emphasis on show rather than effectiveness. Reconciling this picture with the real military achieveme
23、nts of the Ming and Ching dynasties is one of the more difficult tasks attempted here. We are helped, however, by a plentiful supply of information from the Chinese. The number of official and local histories, memoirs and gazetteers containing military data is vast, although only a tiny pro- portion
24、 is yet available in translation. Contemporary military encyclopaedias, of which the most famous is Mao Yuan-is Wu Pei Chih of 1621, are another indispensable source. And of course there is a great deal of surviving artistic evidence, weapons and armour - much of which, ironically, has found its way
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