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8、J J o ou u n n l ly y - - N N v v y y g g _ _ 0)0)w w y y 2022021 1 6 6 4747 SectionSection B B Di tions: In this section, you are going to read a ssage with ten statements attached to it. &eh statement contains information given in one of the ragraphs ntify the raaph om which the infoation is deriv
9、ed. You may choose a ragraph more than once. &eh ragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on AnswerAnswer SheetSheet 2.2. SciSci ce ce ofof setbacks:setbacks: HowHow il il c c improveimprove c cr r prospectsprospects A) Hw d early career eback fec ur
10、lg-erm ucce? Falure ca help u lear ad vercme ur fear. Bu daer ca ll wud u. They ca crew u up ad e u back. Wuld be ce f here wa geue, cefcally dcumeed ruh he expre wha de kll yu make yu rger? B) e way cal ce have prbed he effec f career eback lk a ce f very mlar qualfca. Thee ce, fr rea ha are mly ar
11、brary, eher ju mied geg a reearch gra r ju barely made . I cal cece, hi kw a examg ear me ad rw w area where mer ubjecve. Tha allw reearcher meaure ly he effect f beg che r . Sudie h area have foud cflcg reul. I he cmpeve game f bmcal cece, reech ha bee de ce wh arrwly l r w gra mey. I ugge ha arrw
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13、arrw wer were 50 perce mre lkely be gve a prferhp. D) Oher he US have fd mlar effec wh Naal Iue f Healh early-career fellwhp lauchg arrw wer f ahead f cle ler. e pheme fe referred a he Mathew effec fop1red6-y e Bble-wsdom diaf those wh have, mre w be-give: Theres-a - gd explaa fr he pheme he bk The
14、Foula: The Univel Laws of Success by Alber Lazl Baraba. Accrdig Baraba, eaer ad le rky fr he p f pwer E) bad ew fr he ler. Small early career eback eem have a dprprae effec dw he le. Wha dd k hem made hem weaker. Bu her ude ug he ame echque have hw here meime pealy a ear m. Sude wh ju mi geg i p hig
15、h chl r uvere d ju a well laer i lfe a he wh ju maage ge acceped. I hi cae, wha ddn kll em mply d maer. S here ay evdece ha eback mgh acually mprve ur career prpec? There w. F) I a udy publhe Nature Communications, Nrhwee Uvery clg Dahu Wag racked mre ha 1, 100 ce wh were he brder bewee geg a gra ad
16、 mg u bewee 1990 ad 2005. He fllwed varu meaure f perfrmace ver he ex decade. ee cluded hw may paper hey auhred ad hw iflueal he paper were, a meaured by he umber f ubeque ca. eeced, here wa a much her rae f attrition () amg 2021 6 48 scientists who didnt get grants. But among those who stayed on, t
17、he close losers performed even better than the nar ow winne s. To make sure this wasnt by chance, Wang conducted additional tests using diffe ent performance measu es. He examined how many times people were first autho s on influential studies, and the like. G) One st ai tforward reason close lose s
18、 mi t outperform na row winners is that the two groups have compa able ability. In Wangs study, he selected the most dete mined, passionate scientists from the loser group and culledculled (J1J ) what he deemed the weakest members of the winner group. Yet the persevering losers still came out on top
19、. He thinks that being a close loser might give people a psychological boost, o the p ove bial kick in the pants. H) Ut echt Unive sity sociologist Arnout van de Rijt was the lead author on the 2018 pape showing the rich get richer. He said the new finding is apparently easonable and worth some atte
20、ntion. His own work showed that although the narrow winners did get much more money in the nea future, the actual perfo mance of the close lose s was just as good. I) He said the people who should be paying regard to the Wang pape a e the funding agents who distribute government grant money. Afte al
21、l, by continuing to pile riches on the nar ow winners, the taae s are not getting the maximum bang for their ck if the close losers are erforming just as well or even better. Theres a huge amount of time and effort that goes into the process of selecting who gets grants, he said, and the latest rese
22、arch shows that the scientific establishment is not very good at distributing money. Maybe we should spend less money trying to figure out who is better than who, he said, suggesting that some more equal dividing up of money might be mo e productive and mo e efficient. Van de Rijt said hes not convi
23、nced that losing out gives people a sycholocal boost; It may yet be a selection effect. Even thou Wang tried to account for this by culling the weakest winners, its impossible to know which of the winners would have quit had they found themselves on the losing side. J) For his pa t, Wang said that i
24、n his own experience, losing did light a motivating fire. He recalled a recent pape he submitted to a joal, which accepted it only to request extensive editing, and then eversed cou se and ejected it. He submitted the unedited version to a more espected jou nal and got accepted. K) In sports and man
25、y a eas of life, we think of failures as evidence of something we could have done better. We ega d these disapintments as a fate we could have avoided with more careful p eparation, different t aining, a better strategy, o more focus. And there it makes sense that failu es show us the road to succes
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