(2.3.3)--2.3补充资料2SoftwareEngineeringRequi.pdf
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1、CornellUniversityCompu1ngandInforma1onScienceCS5150So(wareEngineering6.RequirementsAnalysisRequirementsRequirementsdefinethefuncConofthesystemfromtheclientsviewpoint.TherequirementsestablishthesystemsfuncConality,constraints,andgoalsbyconsultaConwiththeclient,customers,andusers.Therequirementsmaybed
2、evelopedinaself-containedstudy,ormayemergeincrementally.TherequirementsformthebasisforacceptancetesCng.Thedevelopmentteamandtheclientneedtoworktogethercloselyduringtherequirementsphaseofaso(wareproject.Therequirementsmustbedevelopedinamannerthatisunderstandablebyboththeclientandthedevelopmentstaff.W
3、hyareRequirementsImportant?Causesoffailedsowareprojects Incompleterequirements 13.1%Lackofuserinvolvement12.4%Lackofresources 10.6%UnrealisCcexpectaCons 9.9%LackofexecuCvesupport 9.3%Changingrequirements&specificaCons8.8%Lackofplanning 8.1%Systemnolongerneeded 7.5%Failurestounderstandtherequirements
4、ledthedeveloperstobuildthewrongsystem.Source:StandishGroupRequirementsinIteraCveRefinementTherequirementsarerevisedforeachiteraCon.RequirementsDesignImplementaConReviewReleaseRequirementsintheModifiedWaterfallModelTherequirementsneedconCnualupdaCngastheprojectconCnues.RequirementsSystemdesignProgram
5、tesCngOperaCon&maintenanceProgramdesignImplementaCon(coding)Acceptance&releaseFeasibilitystudyRequirementswithAgileDevelopmentEachsprinthasitsownsetofrequirements.Sprint1Sprint2Sprint3TestedcodeTestedcodeTestedcodeRequirementGoalsUnderstandtherequirementsinappropriatedetail.Definetherequirementsinam
6、annerthatiscleartotheclient.ThismaybeawridenspecificaCon,prototypesystem,orotherformofcommunicaCon.Definetherequirementsinamannerthatiscleartothepeoplewhowilldesign,implement,andmaintainthesystem.Ensurethattheclientanddevelopersunderstandtherequirementsandtheirimplica1ons.ManyCS5150projectsusethefir
7、stpresentaConandtheaccompanyingreporttoconfirmtherequirementswiththeclient.Ourunderstandingofyourrequirementsisthat.”StepsintheRequirementsPhaseTherequirementspartofaprojectcanbedividedintoseveralstages:Analysistoestablishthesystemsservices,constraints,andgoalsbyconsultaConwithclient,customers,andus
8、ers.ModelingtoorganizetherequirementsinasystemaCcandcomprehensiblemanner.Define,record,andcommunicatetherequirements.WithiteraCveandagilemethods,thesestageswillberepeatedseveralCmes.TheRequirementsProcessFeasibility studyAnalyzeModelDefineFeasibility reportRecordandcommunicateWorkwiththeclienttounde
9、rstandrequirementsOrganizerequirementsinasystemaCcandcomprehensiblemannerReportoralternaCvedescripCon(opConal)RequirementsAnalysis:InterviewswithClientsClientinterviewsaretheheartoftherequirementsanalysis.Clientsmayhaveonlyavagueconceptofrequirements.AllowplentyofCme.Preparebeforeyoumeetwiththeclien
10、t.Keepfullnotes.Ifyoudonotunderstand,delvefurther,againandagain.Repeatwhatyouhear.ForyourCS5150projectsyouwillneedtoscheduleseveralmeeCngswithyourclienttoanalyzetherequirements.SmallgroupmeeCngsareo(enmosteffecCve.RequirementsAnalysis:UnderstandtheRequirementsUnderstandtherequirementsindepth Domainu
11、nderstanding Example:Manufacturinglightbulbs Understandingoftherealrequirementsofallstakeholders Stakeholdersmaynothaveclearideasaboutwhattheyrequire,ortheymaynotexpressrequirementsclearly.Theyareo(entooclosetotheoldwayofdoingthings.Understandingtheterminology Clientso(enusespecializedterminology.If
12、youdonotunderstandit,askforanexplanaCon.KeepaskingquesCons,“Whydoyoudothingsthisway?”“Isthisessen8al?”“Whatarethealterna8ves?”RequirementsAnalysis:NewandOldSystemsAnewsystemiswhenthereisnoexisCngsystem.Thisisrare.AreplacementsystemiswhenasystemisbuilttoreplaceanexisCngsystem.AlegacysystemisanexisCng
13、systemthatisnotbeingreplaced,butmustinterfacetothenewsystem.Clientso(enconfusethecurrentsystemwiththeunderlyingrequirement.Inrequirementsanalysisitisimportanttodis1nguish:featuresofthecurrentsystemthatareneededinthenewsystem featuresofthecurrentsystemthatarenotneededinthenewsystem proposednewfeature
14、sRequirementsAnalysis:UnspokenRequirementsDiscoveringtheunspokenrequirementsiso(enthemostdifficultpartofdevelopingtherequirements.Examples:Resistancetochange DepartmentalfricCon(e.g.,transferofstaff)ManagementstrengthsandweaknessesRequirementsAnalysis:StakeholdersIden1fythestakeholders:Whoisaffected
15、bythissystem?Client Seniormanagement ProducConstaff CompuCngstaff Customers Users(manycategories)etc.,etc.,etc.,Example:Webshoppingsite(shoppers,administraCon,finance,warehouse)CS5150projectsthatbuildwebapplicaConso(enfindthattheadministraCvesystemthatisnotseenbytheusersisbiggerthanthepartofthesitet
16、hatisvisibletotheusers.RequirementsAnalysis:ViewpointAnalysisViewpointAnalysis Analyzetherequirementsasseenbyeachgroupofstakeholders.Example:UniversityAdmissionsSystem Applicants UniversityadministraCon Admissionsoffice Financialaidoffice Specialoffices(e.g.,athleCcs,development)Academicdepartments
17、Compu8ngstaff Opera8onsandmaintenanceRequirementsAnalysis:SpecialStudiesUnderstandingtherequirementsmayneedstudies:Marketresearch focusgroups,surveys,compeCCveanalysis,etc.Example:WindowsXPT-shirtthathighlightedApplesstrengths Technicalevalua1on experiments,prototypes,etc.Example:WindowsXPbootfaster
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