生态学基础1种群生态学huzj02种群增长种群调节与生态对策PPT课件.ppt
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1、CONTENT OF ECOLOGYChapter 1 IntroductionChapter 2 Organisms and their environmentChapter 3 Population ecologyChapter 4 Community ecologyChapter 5 Ecosystem ecology种群生态学种群生态学种群(population)与种群生态学(population ecology)种群统计学(population statistics)种群增长(population growth)种群调节(population regulation)与生态学对策(ec
2、ological strategies)种群遗传学(population genetics)异质种群(metapopulation)种群关系(Interaction between populations)种群生态学种群生态学三、种群增长Population growth1.简单增长模型(The basic growth equation)2.资源无限时的增长模型或非密度制约增长模型(Resource non-limited growth model,Density independence growth model)w几何增长模型(Geometric growth model)w指数增长模型
3、(Exponential growth model)3.资源有限时的增长模型或密度制约增长模型(Density dependence growth equation,Resource limited growth model)w逻辑斯谛增长模型(Logistic growth model)4.自然种群的数量变动(Natural population dynamics)三、种群增长三、种群增长1.简单增长模型1.1 Nt+1=Nt+B+I-D-EWhere B+I is the gains of a population,D+E is the losses.If B+I D+E,the popu
4、lation will increase in size.If B+I 01增加=0=1不变001下降=-=0灭绝3.密度制约增长模型假设世代重叠;资源有限,即有一个环境容纳量(carrying capacity,K);每多一个个体产生1/K的抑制性影响(又称拥挤效应(crowding effect);无迁移;不考虑年龄结构。环境容纳量(carrying capacity):一个环境条件所允许的最大种群大小。密度制约增长模型表达式增长模型(Logistic model,S-shaped)Where K 为环境容纳量(the environmental carrying capacity),为剩
5、余空间。逻辑斯蒂增长模型图解指数与逻辑斯蒂增长模型比较逻辑斯蒂增长模型示例Saccharomyces cerevisiae a kind of yeast(data from Gause 1934).逻辑斯谛方程的生物学含义 .在种群开始形成阶段,通常种群数量很少,即N 0;则1-N/K 1,表示全部K空间尚未被利用,种群呈指数增长;.当N K时,1-N/K 0;表明全部空间被利用,种群增长趋于饱和;.N在0与K之间变动时,种群密度(数量)每增加一个,种群增长即受到1/K的抑制,这种影响通常称为拥挤效应或环境阻力。逻辑斯蒂增长模型时期划分The five period of logistic
6、growth潜伏期(Latent phase)或开始期(Initial phase):种群数量增长很慢;加速期(Accelerating phase):种群增长呈指数式,增长速度增加;转折期(Transition phase,inflecting phase):拐点所在位置,增长速度最快;减速期(Decelerating phase):种群增长速度降低;饱和期(Asymptotic phase):增长速度趋向于0。The goal of harvesting:Maximum sustained yield(最大可持续产量,MSY)(K-NK-N)/K/KMaximum sustained yi
7、eldN=K/2=100,增加量最大MSY=dN/dt=Nr(1-N/K)MSY=K/2*r*1-(K/2)/K=rK/4=50 4 自然种群的数量变动no4.1 种群平衡密度(Equilibrium population density,EPD)平衡EquilibriumPer capita death rate exactly balance per capita birth rateEPD is K。4.2 野外种群增长情况 IdealJ-shaped growthS-shaped growthObserved in the field4.3 自然种群数量变动类型 种群平衡(Popula
8、tion equilibrium)种群波动(Population fluctuation)种群暴发(Population outbreak)种群衰退、崩溃、灭绝(Population decline,crash,extinction)种群季节消长(Seasonal change in number)生态入侵(Ecological invasion)4.3.1 种群平衡(Population equilibrium)lThe number of population stay at a point for a long time.lThis equilibrium was maintained
9、by the endogenous regulation(内源性调节)mechanism of population.4.3.2 种群波动(Population fluctuation)Most real population are not at their constant equilibrium density for very long,but are dynamic and changing.The reason for fluctuation环境的随机性(Environmental stochasticity)时滞(Time lag)or延缓的密度制约(delayed densit
10、y dependence)时滞导致落叶松蛾(larch bud moth)种群的周期性波动Cycles of abundance of the larch bud moth in response to larch quality(needle length)时滞导致加拿大猞猁(Canadian lynx)种群的规则波动 Cycles in the numbers of Canadian lynx and snowshoe hare over 90 years4.3.3 种群暴发与崩溃(Population outbreak and crash)l那些具有不规则和周期性波动的物种如蝗虫、夜光虫
11、等容易发生种群暴发。l注意种群崩溃通常发生在种群大暴发之后。暴发暴发4.3.4 种群下降、崩溃与灭绝(decline,crash,and extinction)当种群长期处在恶劣条件下时且其数量持续下降时,会发生种群下降甚至灭绝。种群暴发后常导致种群崩溃。体型大、出生率低、生长率低及成熟晚的物种容易走向灭绝。种群下降和灭绝的两个主要原因是栖息地破坏和过度捕猎。种群生存力分析(Population Viability Analysis,PVA)和最小可存活种群(Minimum Viable Population,MVP)Exceeding the carrying capacity can da
12、mage the ecosystem,reducing its ability to support population.Reindeer(驯鹿)as an example超越超越崩溃崩溃4.3.5 种群数量的季节消长(Seasonal change in number)Variation in the number of algae in green bay,Wisconsin in response to changes in the environment4.3.6 生态入侵 定义 生物在人类有意识或无意识情况下带入到一个适宜于其生存或繁衍的地区,致使其种群不断增加,分布区稳步扩大的过
13、程,称为生态入侵。水葫芦水葫芦 Eichharnia crassipes 大米草大米草 Spartina anglica 生物入侵的四个阶段生物入侵的四个阶段入侵入侵(introduction)。生物离开原生存的生态系统到一个。生物离开原生存的生态系统到一个新的环境,绝大部分是由人类活动造成的。新的环境,绝大部分是由人类活动造成的。定居定居(colonization)。生物到达入侵地区后,经过对当地。生物到达入侵地区后,经过对当地生态条件的驯化,能够生长、发育并进行了繁殖,至少完生态条件的驯化,能够生长、发育并进行了繁殖,至少完成一个世代。成一个世代。适应适应(naturalization),
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