考研英语暑期高强特训班阅读教程(1).pdf
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1、1 考研英语考研英语暑期高强特训班暑期高强特训班阅读教程阅读教程2003-Text3In recent years,railroads have been combining with each other,merging into supersystems,causing heightened concerns about monopoly.As recently as 1995,the top fourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.Nextyear,afteraseriesofmerge
2、rsiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers.Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopoly,theyargue,isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshippersc
3、omplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances,suchascoal,chemicals,andgrain,truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerailcompany.Railroadstypicallychargesuch“captive”shippers20to30percent
4、morethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.ShipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernmentsSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,timeconsuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcapti
5、veshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryonescost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwould do so,leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.Itstheorytowhichmanyecono
6、mistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.“Dowereallywantrailroadstobe the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?”asks Martin Bercovici,aWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshipper.Manycaptiveshippersalso
7、worrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortunes,stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.Yetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanother,withWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe$10.
8、2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrailsnetrailwayoperatingincomein1996wasjust$427million,lessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.Whosgoingtopayfortherestofthebill?Manycaptiveshippersfearthattheywill,asNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket.51.Accordingto
9、thosewhosupportmergers,railwaymonopolyisunlikelybecause_.Acostreductionisbasedoncompetition Bservicescallforcross-tradecoordination Coutsidecompetitorswillcontinuetoexist Dshipperswillhavetherailwaybythethroat 52.Whatismanycaptiveshippersattitudetowardstheconsolidationintherailindustry?2 AIndifferen
10、t.BSupportive.CIndignant.DApprehensive.53.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that_.Ashipperswillbechargedlesswithoutarivalrailroad Btherewillsoonbeonlyonerailroadcompanynationwide Coverchargedshippersareunlikelytoappealforraterelief Dagovernmentboardensuresfairplayinrailwaybusiness54.Theword“arbiters”(Lin
11、e7,Paragraph4)mostprobablyreferstothose_.Awhoworkascoordinators Bwhofunctionasjudges Cwhosupervisetransactions Dwhodeterminetheprice 55.Accordingtothetext,thecostincreaseintherailindustryismainlycausedby_.AthecontinuingacquisitionBthegrowingtraffic CthecheeringWallStreet Dtheshrinkingmarket2003-Text
12、4ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.Small wonder.Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century.Failinghipscanbereplaced,clinicaldepressioncontrolled,cataractsremovedina30-minutesurgical procedure.Such advances offer the aging populatio
13、n a quality of life that wasunimaginablewhenIenteredmedicine50yearsago.Butnotevenagreathealth-caresystemcancuredeathandourfailuretoconfrontthatrealitynowthreatensthisgreatnessofours.Deathisnormal;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperish,evenunderidealconditions.Weallunderstandthatatsomeleve
14、l,yetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.Shieldedbythird-partypayersfromthecostofourcare,wedemandeverythingthatcanpossiblybedoneforus,evenifitsuseless.Themostobviousexampleislate-stagecancercare.Physiciansfrustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatienttoooft
15、enofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyjustified.In1950,theUSspent$12.7billiononhealthcare.In2002,thecostwillbe$1540billion.Anyonecanseethistrendisunsustainable.Yetfewseemwillingtotrytoreverseit.Somescholarsconcludethatagovernmentwithfiniteresourcesshouldsimplystoppayingformedicalcar
16、ethatsustainslifebeyondacertainagesay83orso.FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirm“haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway”,sothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.Iwouldnotgothatfar.Energeticpeoplenowroutinelyworkthroughtheir60sandbeyond,andremaindazzlinglyp
17、roductive.At78,ViacomchairmanSumnerRedstonejokinglyclaimstobe53.SupremeCourtJusticeSandraDayOConnorisinher70s,andformersurgeongeneralC.EverettKoopchairsanInternetstart-upinhis80s.Theseleadersarelivingproofthatpreventionworksandthatwecanmanagethehealthproblemsthatcomenaturallywithage.Asamere68-year-o
18、ld,Iwishtoageasproductivelyastheyhave.3 Yettherearelimitstowhatasocietycanspendinthispursuit.Asaphysician,Iknowthemostcostlyanddramaticmeasuresmaybeineffectiveandpainful.IalsoknowthatpeopleinJapanandSweden,countriesthatspendfarlessonmedicalcare,haveachievedlonger,healthierlivesthanwehave.Asanation,w
19、emaybeover-fundingthequestforunlikelycureswhileunder-fundingresearchonhumblertherapiesthatcouldimprovepeopleslives.56.Whatisimpliedinthefirstsentence?AAmericansarebetterpreparedfordeaththanotherpeople BAmericansenjoyahigherlifequalitythaneverbefore CAmericansareover-confidentoftheirmedicaltechnology
20、 DAmericanstakeavainprideintheirlonglifeexpectancy 57.Theauthorusestheexampleofcancerpatientstoshowthat_.Amedicalresourcesareoftenwasted Bdoctorsarehelplessagainstfataldiseases Csometreatmentsaretooaggressive Dmedicalcostsarebecomingunaffordable 58.TheauthorsattitudetowardRichardLammsremarkisoneof_.
21、AstrongdisapprovalBreservedconsent CslightcontemptDenthusiasticsupport 59.IncontrasttotheUS,JapanandSwedenarefundingtheirmedicalcare_.AmoreflexiblyBmoreextravagantly CmorecautiouslyDmorereasonably 60.Thetextintendstoexpresstheideathat_.Amedicinewillfurtherprolongpeopleslives Blifebeyondacertainlimit
22、isnotworthliving CdeathshouldbeacceptedasafactoflifeDexcessivedemandsincreasethecostofhealthcare4 2004-Text1 Huntingforajoblatelastyear,lawyerGantRedmonstumbledacrossCareerBuilder,ajobdatabase on the Internet.He searched it with no success but was attracted by the sites“personalsearchagent”.Itsanint
23、eractivefeaturethatletsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocation,title,andsalary,thenE-mailsthemwhenamatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.Redmonchosethekeywordslegal,intellectualproperty,andWashington,D.C.Threeweekslater,hegothisfirstnotificationofanopening.“Istruckgold,”saysRedmon,whoE-mailedhisresum
24、etotheemployerandwonapositionasin-housecounselforacompany.Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet,findingpromisingopeningscanbetime-consuming and inefficient.Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to thedatabases.ButalthoughasearchagentworkedforRedmon,careerexpertsseedrawbacks.Nar
25、rowingyourcriteria,forexample,mayworkagainstyou:“Everytimeyouansweraquestionyoueliminateapossibility.”saysoneexpert.Foranyjobsearch,youshouldstartwithanarrowconceptwhatyouthinkyouwanttodothenbroadenit.“Noneoftheseprogramsdothat,”saysanotherexpert.“Theresnocareercounselingimplicitinallofthis.”Instead
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