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1、SAT 悬垂结构李克莉2012.06.26请在此输入您的公司或其他组织机构名称悬垂结构悬垂结构 Dangling Element的定义 一般在一个句子中,修饰语必须清楚地修饰句中某个词或短语,如果它不修饰句中的任何成分,而处于悬浮状态,这样的修饰语即为悬垂结构(Dangling Element)。Climbing up the tower,the whole city came into our view.悬垂结构 的理解 分词短语在句子中作状语时,其逻辑主语(亦称隐含主语)通常应是整个句子的主语;如果不是,而且其本身也不带自己的主语(如在独立主格结构中),就被认为是一个语言失误。这个分词就叫
2、做“悬垂分词”(dangling participle)或“无依附分词”(unattached participle)。例如:(1)Getting down from the bus,my ankle was sprained(2)Driving to Chicago that night,a sudden thought struck me 12/12/2023应用一般来讲,分词或分词短语在句子中充当状语时,其逻辑主语与句子主语一致,如:Opening the drawer he took out a revolver其中opening的逻辑主语是句子主语he。当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不
3、一致时,则应将分词的逻辑主语补出来,如:George yawning,the conversation dropped这种分词结构被称作独立主格结构。但有时我们遇到这种情况:分词的主语既不与句子主语一致,分词本身又非独立主格结构,如:Going up the hill,the statue of Lincoln struck my eye在登上山的当儿,林肯的雕像十分引我注目。Tired but happy,the bus whisked us home我们虽然疲乏,但很高兴,公共汽车飞快地把我们送到了家。12/12/2023这种分词在语法上被称作垂悬分词(dangling participl
4、e),也叫无依着分词。垂悬分词从起源上来说,是语言的错误使用(performance error),即将分词的主语与句子的主语错误联系,从而产生垂悬分词,所以有人又叫它错关联分词(misrelated participle)。垂悬分词通常出现在句子开头或接近开头的位置,与句子中的其它成分不产生必要的句法关系,特别是它与句子主语无逻辑关系。鉴于这种特点,垂悬分词别名为:独立分词(absolute participle)或孤立分词(isolated participle)。12/12/2023垂悬分词多数为现在分词,少数为过去分词。本文将从使用场合和情况对垂悬分词进行分类、归纳和总结。1当分词主语
5、是不定人称时,如:When dining in the restaurant,a jacket and tie are required 2当分词的主语是表示时间、天气、自然现象等的无人称代词it时,如:Being Christmas,the government offices were closed 3当分词的暗含主语是句子的整体时,如:The siren sounded,indicating that the air-raid was over Unknown to his closest advisers,he had secretly negotiated with an enemy
6、 emissary 12/12/2023垂悬分词最常见于方式分离状语(style disjunct),表明说话人对所说的话的方式、条件以及说话人的态度或看法,这种用法可细分为以下几种情况:a说话者用垂悬分词引出话题,如:talking of,getting back to,coming to等,意思为“谈到,关于,回到”等,请看例句:Getting back to our story,the princess was killed Coming to this question,I say no b.垂悬分词表明说话者的说话方式,如:putting it mildly,frankly spea
7、king,generally speaking,roughly speaking,broadly speaking,biologically speaking等,请看例句:Putting it mildly,you have caused us some inconvenience Generally speaking,dogs are more faithful to men than cats 12/12/2023c有些垂悬分词或词组表明说话的依据或视角,如:judging from,according to,considering,viewing it from,seeing,例如:Ju
8、dging from his expression,he is in a bad mood According to Barthes,the author had died Considering the low price,the car is worth buying d有些垂悬分词或词组还为说话者所说内容的成立提供条件,如:providing(that),provided(that),supposing,given,意思为“if或with”,wanting和failing意思为“without”。例如:Provided that a film entertains,few people
9、care about its other merits Given prudence and patience,anybody can achieve something Supposing this to be true,he is certainly the murderer 12/12/202312/12/202312/12/202312/12/202312/12/202312/12/202312/12/202312/12/202312/12/202312/12/202312/12/202312/12/202312/12/202312/12/202312/12/202312/12/202312/12/202312/12/202312/12/202312/12/202312/12/202312/12/202312/12/202312/12/202312/12/202312/12/202312/12/2023