语法学习.txt
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1、1.名词名词可以分为专有名词(ProperNouns)和普通名词(CommonNouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:1)个体名词(IndividualNouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。2)集体名词(CollectiveNouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。3)物质名词(MaterialNouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。4)抽象名词(AbstractNouns):表示动作、状态、品质
2、、感情等抽象概念,如:work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(CountableNouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(UncountableNouns)。1.1名词复数的规则变化情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加-s1.清辅音后读/s/;map-maps2.浊辅音和元音后bag-bags读/z/;car-cars以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es读/iz/bus-buseswatch-watches以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-s读/iz/license-licenses以辅音字母+y变y为i结尾的词再加es读/z/baby-ba
3、bies1.2其它名词复数的规则变化1)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数:如:two Marysthe Henrysmonkey-monkeysholiday-holidays比较:层楼:storey-storeysstory-stories2)以o结尾的名词,变复数时:a.加s,如:photo-photospiano-pianosradio-radioszoo-zoos;b.加es,如:potato-potatoestomato-tomatoesc.均可,如:zero-zeros/zeroes3)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时:a.加s,如:belief-b
4、eliefsroof-roofssafe-safesgulf-gulfs;b.去f,fe加ves,如:half-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaveswolf-wolveswife-wiveslife-livesthief-thieves;c.均可,如:handkerchief:handkerchiefs/handkerchieves1.3名词复数的不规则变化1)child-childrenfoot-feettooth-teethmouse-miceman-menwoman-women注意:与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。如:an E
5、nglishman,two Englishmen.但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。2)单复同形如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japaneseli,jin,yuan,twoli,threemu,fourjin但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar,two dollars;a meter,two meters3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。如:peoplepolicecattle等本身就是复数,不能说a people,a police,a cattle,但可
6、以说a person,a policeman,a headofcattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。如:The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:a.maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。b.news是不可数名词。c.the United States,the United Nations应视为单数。The United
7、Nations was organized in 1945.联合国是1945年组建起来的。d.以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book.是一本非常有趣的故事书。5)表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses(眼镜)trousers,clothes若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双);suit(套);a pair of glasses;two pairs of trousers6)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fi
8、shes(各种)鱼1.4不可数名词量的表示1)物质名词a.当物质名词转化为个体名词时。比较:Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。(不可数)The secakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。(可数)b.当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,名词可数。This factory produces steel.(不可数)We need various steels.(可数)c.当物质名词表示份数时,可数。Our country is famous for tea.我国因茶叶而闻名。Two teas,please.请来两杯茶。2)抽象名词有时也可数。four freedoms
9、四大自由the four modernizations四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。如:a glass of water一杯水a piece of advice一条建议1.5定语名词的复数名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。1)用复数作定语。如:sports meeting运动会students reading-room学生阅览室talks table谈判桌the foreign languages department外语系2)man,woman,gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如:men workerswomen teacher
10、sgentlemen officials3)有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。如:goods train(货车)arms produce武器生产customs papers海关文件clothes brush衣刷4)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。如:two-dozeneggs两打/(二十四个鸡蛋)aten-milewalk十里路two-hundredtrees两百棵树afive-yearplan.一个五年计划个别的有用复数作定语的,如:aseven-yearschild1.6不同国家的人的单复数名称总称(谓语用复数) 一个人 两个人中国人the Chinese a Chin
11、ese two Chinese瑞士人the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss澳大利亚人the Australians an Australian two Australians俄国人the Russians a Russian two Russians意大利人the Italians an Italian two Italians希腊人the Greek a Greek two Greeks法国人the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen日本人the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese美国人the Americans a
12、n American two Americans印度人the Indians an Indian two Indians加拿大人the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians德国人the Germans a Germans two Germans英国人the English an Englishman two Englishmen瑞典人the Swedish a Swede two Swedes1.7名词的格在英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teachers book。名词所有格的规则如下:1)单数名词词尾加s
13、,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加s,如the boys bag男孩的书包,mens room男厕所。2)若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加,如:the workerss truggle工人的斗争。3)凡不能加s的名词,都可以用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系,如:the title of the song歌的名字。4)在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barbers理发店。5)如果两个名词并列,并且分别有s,则表示分别有;只有一个s,则表示共有。如:Johns and Marys room(两间)John and Marys room(一间)6
14、)复合名词或短语,s加在最后一个词的词尾。如:a month or twos absence2.冠词和数词2.1不定冠词的用法冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词(the Definite Article),另一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article),还有一种是零冠词(Zero Article)。不定冠词a(an)与数词one同源,是一个的意思。a用于辅音音素前,一般读作e,而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做en。1)表示一个,意为one;指某人或某物,意为a certain。AMr.Ling is
15、 waiting for you.2)代表一类人或物。A knife is a tool for cutting with.Mr.Smith is an engineer.3)词组或成语。a little/a few/a lot/a type of/a pile/a great many/many a/a sarule/in a hurry/in a minute/in a word/in a short while/after a while/have a cold/have a try/keep an eye on/all of a sudden2.2定冠词的用法定冠词the与指示代词th
16、is,that同源,有那(这)个的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。1)特指双方都明白的人或物:Take the medicine.把药吃了。2)上文提到过的人或事:He bought a house.Ive been to the house.他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。3)指世上独一物二的事物:the sun,the sky,the moon,the earth4)单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:the dollar美元;the fox狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich富人;the living生者。5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容
17、词only,very,same等前面:Where do you live?I live on the second floor.你住在哪?我住在二层。Thats the everything Ive been looking for.那正是我要找的东西。6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体:They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师)7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前:She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。8)用在某些由普通名词构
18、成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前:the Peoples Republic of China中华人民共和国theUnitedStates美国9)用在表示乐器的名词之前:She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:the Greens格林一家人(或格林夫妇)11)用在惯用语中:in the day,in the morning(afternoon,evening),the day after tomorrowthe day before yesterday,the next morning,in the sky(water,field,
19、country)in the dark,in the rain,in the distance,in the middle(of), intheend, on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre2.3零冠词的用法1) 国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:England,Mary;2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词;They are teachers.他们是教师。3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词;Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时
20、,需要加定冠词;Man can not live without water.人离开水就无法生存。5)在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;We go to school from Monday to Friday.我们从星期一到星期五都上课。6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词;The guards took the American to GeneralLee.士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词如:have breakfast,play chess8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词;I cant w
21、rite without pen or pencil.没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。9)当by与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;by bus,by train;10)有些个体名词不用冠词;如:school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义;go to hospital去医院看病go to the hospital去医院(并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)11)不用冠词的序数词;a.序数词前有物主代词b.序数词作副词He came first
22、 in the race.c.在固定词组中at(the) first,first of all,from first to last2.4冠词与形容词+名词结构1)两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。He raises a black and a white cat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。The black and the white cats are hers.这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。2)如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。He raises a black and white cat.他养了一只花猫。2.5冠词位置1)不定冠词位置不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意:a.位于下列形容词
23、之后:such,what,many,half,I have never seen such an animal.Many a man is fit for the job.b.当名词前的形容词被副词as,so,too,how,however,enough修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后:It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.So short a time.Too long a distance.c.quite,rather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。但当rather,quite前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可。如:quite a lotd
24、.在as,though引导的让步状语从句中,当标语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后:Brave a man though he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes.他尽管勇敢,可见到蛇还是发抖。当名词被比较级形容词修饰时,不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。2)定冠词位置定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all,both,double,half,twice,three times等词之后,名词之前。All the students in the class went out.班里的所有学生都出去了。2.6数词表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,
25、数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。一、基数词1)基数词写法和读法:345three hundred and forty-five;2)基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数:a.与of短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连用,如scores of people指许多人;b.在一些表示一排或一组的词组里;如:They arrived in twos and threes.他们三三两两的到达了。c.表示几十岁;d.表示年代,用in+the+数词复数;e.在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如:3x5=15 Three fives is(are) fifteen.二
26、、序数词序数词的缩写形式:first-1stsecond-2ndthirty-first-31st三、数词的用法1)倍数表示法a.主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+as+adj.+asI have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。b.主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+the size(amount,length) ofThe earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。c.主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+形容词(副词)比较级+thanThe grain out put is 8 percent higher this y
27、ear than that of last year.今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。d.还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.今年粮食产量增加了4倍。2)分数表示法构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数:1/3 one-third;3/37 three and three-sevenths.3.代词代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主
28、代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。一、人称代词是表示我、你、他、她、它、我们、你们、他们的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:数单数复数格主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称you youyouyouhehimtheythem第三人称she hertheythemit ittheythem如:He is my friend.他是我的朋友。Its me.是我。二、物主代词表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种,其人物和数的变化见下表。数单数复数人称第一第二第三第一第二第三人称 人称人称人称人称人称形
29、容词性myyourhis/herits our your/their物主代词名词性mine yours his/hers its ours yours/theirs物主代词如:I like his car.我喜欢他的小汽车。Our school is here,and theirs is there.我们的学校在这儿,他们的在那儿。三、指示代词表示那个、这个、这些、那些等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this,that,these,those等。如:That is a good idea.那是个好主意。四、表示我自己、你自己、他自己、我们自己、你们自己和他们自己等的代词,叫做自身代词,也称为反身代
30、词。如:She was talking to herself.她自言自语。五、表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有each other和one another两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么区别。如:They love each other.他们彼此相爱。六、不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代词,如anybody,something,noone。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语
31、或表语;every和no只能作定语。如:-Do you have a car?-你有一辆小汽车吗?-Yes,I have one.-是的,我有一辆。-I dont know any of them.他们,我一个也不认识。七、疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)如:Tell me who he is.告诉我他是谁。八、关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又
32、代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(通称为先行词)。如:He is the man who you have been looking for.他就是你要找的那个人。3.1人称代词的用法1)人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语,例如:John waited a while but eventually he went home.约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用
33、在主句中,例如:When he arrived,John went straight to the bank.约翰一到就直接去银行了。2)人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语,例如:I saw her with them,at least,I thought it was her.我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(her做宾语,them做介词宾语,her做主语补语)a.-Who broke the vase?-谁打碎了花瓶?b.-Me.-我。(me做主语补语=Its me.)说明:在上面两例句中,her和me分别作主语补语。现
34、代英语中多用宾格,在正式文体中这里应为she和I。3.2人称代词之主、宾格的替换1)宾格代替主格a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not后,多用宾语。-I like English.-我喜欢英语。-Me too.-我也喜欢。-Have more wine?-再来点酒喝吗?-Not me.-我可不要了。b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。He is taller than I/me.He is taller than I am.2)主格代替宾格a.在介词but,except后,有时可用主格代替宾格。b.在电话用语中常用主格。-I w
35、ish to speak to Mary.-我想和玛丽通话。-This is she.-我就是玛丽。注意:在动词be或tobe后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。I thought it was she.我以为是她。(主格-主格)I thought it to be her.(宾格-宾格)I was taken to be she.我被当成了她。 (主格-主格)They took me to be her.他们把我当成了她。 (宾格-宾格)3.3代词的指代问题1)不定代词anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone,someone,everyone,noone,及whoev
36、er和person在正式场合使用时,可用he,his,him代替。Nobody came,did he?谁也没来,是吗?2)动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he,she,带有亲切的感情色彩。Give the cat some food.She is hungry.给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。3)指代车或国家,船舶的名词,含感情色彩时常用she。3.4并列人称代词的排列顺序1)单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:第二人称第三人称第一人称youhe/she;it-IYou,he and I should return on time.2)复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:第一人称第二人称
37、第三人称weyouThey注意:在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面。a.在承认错误,承担责任时,It was I and John that made her angry.是我和约翰惹她生气了。b.在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称,如:I and you try to finish it.c.并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时。d.当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。3.5物主代词1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用,例如:John had cut his finger;apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.约翰割破了
38、手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。物主代词有形容词性(my,your等)和名词性(mine,yours等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的-s属格结构,例如:Jacks cap意为The cap is Jacks.His cap意为The cap is his.2)名词性物主代词的句法功能a.作主语,例如:May I use your pen?Yours works better.我可以用一用你的钢笔吗?你的比我的好用。b.作宾语,例如:I love my mother land as much as you love yours.我爱我的
39、祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。c.作介词宾语,例如:Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word,not in yours.你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的意义去解释。d.作主语补语,例如:The life I have is yours.Its yours.Its yours.我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。3.6双重所有格物主代词不可与a,an,this,that,these,those,some,any,several,no,each,every,such,another,which等词一起前置,修饰
40、一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。公式为:a,an,this,that+名词+of+名词性物主代词。如:afriend of mine.each brother of his.3.7反身代词1)列表Iyouyoushehemyselfyourself yourselves herselfhimselfwe they itoneourselvesthemselvesitselfoneself2)做宾语a.有些动词需有反身代词absent,bathe,amuse,blame,dry,cut,enjoy,hurt,introduce,behaveWe enjoyed ourselves very muc
41、h last night.我们昨晚玩得很开心。Please help yourself to some fish.请你随便吃点鱼。b.用于及物动词+宾语+介词take pride in,be annoyed with,help oneself to sth.I could not dress(myself) up at that time.那个时候我不能打扮我自己。注:有些动词后不跟反身代词,get up,sit-down,stand up,wake up等。Please sit down.请坐。3)作表语;同位语be oneself:I am not myself today.我今天不舒服。
42、The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。4)在不强调的情况下,but,except,for等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如:No one but myself(me) is hurt.注意:a.反身代词本身不能单独作主语。(错)Myself drove the car.(对)I myself drove the car.我自己开车。b.但在and,or,nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself作主语。Charles and myself saw it.5)第二人称作宾语,要用反身代词。You should be
43、 proud of yourself.你应为自己感到骄傲。3.8相互代词1)相互代词只有each other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的,例如:It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.显而易见,不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。2)相互代词的句法功能:a.作动词宾语;People should love one another.人们应当彼此相爱。b.可作介词宾语;Does bark,cocks cr
44、ow,frogs croak to each other.吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。说明:传统语法认为,相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other,存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中,两组词交替使用的实例也很多,例如:He put all the books beside each other.他把所有书并列摆放起来。He put all the books beside one another.他把所有书并列摆放起来。Usually these small groups were independent of each other.这些小团体通常是相互独立的。c.
45、相互代词可加-s构成所有格,例如:The students borrowed each others notes.学生们互借笔记。3.9指示代词1)指示代词分单数(this/that)和复数(these/those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词,例如: 单数复数限定词:This girl is Mary.Those men are my teachers.代词:This is Mary. Those are my teachers.2)指示代词的句法功能;a.作主语This is the way to do it.这事儿就该这样做。b.作宾语I like this better than
46、that.我喜欢这个甚至那个。c.作主语补语My point is this.我的观点就是如此。d.作介词宾语I dont say no to that.我并未拒绝那个。There is no fear of that.那并不可怕。说明1:指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人,例如:(对)That is my teacher.那是我的老师。(that作主语,指人)(对)He is going to marry this girl.他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作限定词)(错)He is going to marry this.(this作宾语时不能指人)(对)
47、I bought this.我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语)说明2:That和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,试比较:(对)He admired that which looked beautiful.他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。(对)He admired those who looked beautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)(错)He admired that who danced well.(that作宾语时不能指人)(对)He admired those who danced well.他赞赏跳
48、舞好的人。(those指人)(对)He admired those which looked beautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物)3.10疑问代词1)疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个:指人:who,whom,whose指物:what既可指人又可指物:which2)疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。what,which,whose还可作限定词。试比较:疑问代词:Whose are these books on the desk?桌上的书是谁的?What was the directiona
49、l flow of U.S. territorial expansion?美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?限定词:Whose books are these on the desk?桌上的书是谁的?What events led to most of the eastof the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?说明1:无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which和what所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内,例如:Which girls do
50、 you like best?你喜欢哪几个姑娘?What girls do you like best?你喜欢什么样的姑娘?说明2:Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom,例如:Who(m) did you meet on the street?你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)Who(m) are you taking the book to?你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首)To whom did you speak on the campus?你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词后,不能用who取代
51、。)说明3:疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时,过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首,现代英语中,疑问代词在句首,介词在句未,例如:For what do most people live and work?大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(旧文体)What are you looking for?你在找什么?(现代英语)说明4:疑问代词还可引导名词性从句,例如:I cant make out what he is driving at.我不知道他用意何在。Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗?Mu
52、ch of what you say I agree with,but I cannot go all the way with you.你说的我大部分同意,但并不完全赞同。3.11关系代词1)关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分,例如:The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。(该句中whom既代表先行词the girl,又在从句中作介词to的宾语。)2)关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中,that可指人也可指物,见表:限定性非限定性限定性指人指物指人或指物主格 wh
53、o which that宾格 whom that that属格whose of which/whoseof which/whose例如:This is the pencil whose point is broken.这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。(whose指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语)He came back for the book which he had forgotten.他回来取他丢下的书。(which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)3)关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子,例如:He said he saw me there,which was a lie.他说在那儿
54、看到了我,纯属谎言。说明:关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略,例如:Ive forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘了。Hes changed.Hes not the man he was.他变化很大,已不是过去的他了。3.12every,no,all,both,neither,nor1)不定代词有all,both,every,each,either,neither,more,little,few,much,many,another,other,some,any,one,no以及some,something,anyth
55、ing,everything,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,no one,none,everybody,everyone.等。2)不定代词的功能与用法a.除every和no外不定代词既可用作名词,也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。I have no idea about it.b.all都,指三者以上。all的主谓一致:all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。All goes well.一切进展得很好。all通常不与可数名词单数连用,如:不说all the book,而说the whole book。但a
56、ll可与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如all day,all night,all the year;但习惯上不说all hour,all century。all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用,如all China,all the city,all my life,all the way3)both都,指两者。a.both与复数动词连用,但bothand可与单数名词连用。b.both,all都可作同位语,其位置在行为动词前,be动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省去,则位于助动词或情态动词之前。Who can speak Japanese?We both(all) can.4)neith
57、er两者都不a.neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数。b.作定语与单数名词连用,但neithernor用作并列连词,可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。c.可用于下列句型,避免重复。She cant sing,neither(can) he.neither与nord.如前句是否定式从句,则主句用neither,而不用nor。If you dont do it,neither should I.如果你不干,我也不干。e.如后连续有几个否定句式,则用nor,不用neither。He cant sing,nor dance,nor skate.3.13none,few,some,any,one,
58、ones一、none无1)none作主语,多与of构成短语noneof。在答语中,none可单独使用。Are there any pictures on the wall?None.2)none作主语,谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语,则其单复数与表语一致。Itisnoneofyourbusiness.二、few一些,少数few作主语时,谓语动词用复数,多用于肯定句。三、some一些1)可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。2)当做某一解时,也可与单数名词连用。(=a certain)You will be sorry for this someday.总有一天,你会后悔这件事的。A certain(s
59、ome) person has seen you break the rule.某些人不同意你的看法。注意:(1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。(2)some用于其他句式中:a.肯定疑问句中:说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答时。Would you like句式中,表委婉请求或建议,如:Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?b.在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时,如:If you need some help,let me know.c.some位于主语部分,Some students havent been there before.d.当否定的是整体中的部分时,
60、some可用于否定句。如:I havent heard from some of my old friends these years.这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。四、any 一些1)any多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。当句中含有任何的意思时,any可用于肯定句。Here are three novels.You may read any.这有三本小说,你可任读一本。五、one,ones为复数形式ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前,则用some,any,而不用ones。Have you bought any rulers?Yes,Ive bought some.
61、3.14代词比较辩异one,that和itone表示泛指,that和it表示特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it与所指名词为同一个。I cant find my hat.I think I must buy one.(不定)我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个)你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。I cant find my hat.I dont know where I put it.(同一物)我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。3.15one/another/theo
62、theronethe other只有两个somethe others有三个以上oneanother,anothersomeothers,othersothers=other people/thingsthe others=therest剩余的全部1)泛指另一个用another。2)一定范围内两人(物),一个用one,另一个用the other。3)一定范围内三者,一个用one,另一个用one(another),第三个可用the other,a third。4)一定范围内,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用theothers。5)泛指别的人或物时,用others当在一定范围内,除去一部分后,剩余部分
63、但不是全部时,也用others。3.16“the”的妙用He is one of the students who help me.He is the one of the students who helps me.他是帮我的学生之一。第一句定语从句与the students一致。第二句定语从句与the one一致。3.17anyone/any one;no one/none;every/each1anyone和any oneanyone仅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物。2no one和nonea)none后跟of短语,既可指人又可指物,而no one只单独使用,只指人。b)none
64、作主语,谓语动词用单,复数均可,而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。None of you could lift it.你们中没有人可举起它。-Did anyone call me up just now?-刚才有人打电话给我吗?-No one. -没有。3every和each1)every强调全体的概念,each强调个体概念。Every student in our school works hard.我们学校的学生都很用功。Each student may have one book.每个学生都可有一本书。2)every指三个以上的人或物(含三个),each指两个以上的人或物(含两个)
65、。3)every只作形容词,不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。Every student has to take one.Each boy has to take one.Each of the boys has to take one.4)every不可以作状语,each可作状语。5)every有反复重复的意思,如every two weeks等;each没有。6)every与not连用,表示部分否定;each和not连用表示全部否定。Every man is not honest.并非每个人都诚实。Each man is not honest.这儿每个人都不诚实。3.18both,e
66、ither,neither,all,any,none这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在be动词之后,行为动词之前或第一助动词之后。1)both(两者都),either(两者中任何一个),neither(两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。Neither of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都不聪明。2)both,eitherboth与复数连用,either与单数连用。Both the boys are clever.两个男孩都很聪明。Either of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都很聪明。There are flowers on bo
67、th sides of the street.(两岸)There are flowers on either side of the street.(岸的两边)路边长满了野花。3)all(所有的,全部的人或物),any(任何一个),none(都不)。以上词使用范围为三者以上。All the flowers are gone.所有的花都谢了。I dont like any of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。I like none of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。注意:all与none用法一样。跟单数名词,用单数动词;跟复数名词,用复数动词。All of the st
68、udents are there.所有的学生都在那。All(of) the milk is there.所有的牛奶都在那。3.19many,muchMany,much都意为许多,many+可数名词,much+不可数名词。How many people are there at the meeting?How much time has we left?Many of the workers were at the meeting.Much of the time was spent on learning.3.20few,little,afew,alittle(a)few+可数名词,(a)li
69、ttle+不可数名词a few/a little为肯定含义,还有一点few/little为否定含义,没有多少了。He has a few friends.他有几个朋友。He has few friends.他几乎没有朋友。We still have a little time.我们还有点时间。There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。典型例题:Although hes wealthy,he spends _ on clothes.A.littleB.fewC.a littleD.a few答案:A.spend所指的是钱,不可数,只能用little或alittle
70、.本句为although引导的让步状语从句,由句意知后句为否定含义,因此应用little表示几乎不。固定搭配:only a few(=few)not a few(=many)quite a few(=many)many a(=many)Many books were sold.Many a book was sold.卖出了许多书。4.形容词和副词4.1形容词及其用法形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。
71、例如:hot热的。2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid害怕的。(错)He is an ill man.(对)The man is ill.(错)She is an afraid girl.(对)The girl is afraid.这类词还有:well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake等。3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如:so
72、mething nice4.2以-ly结尾的形容词1)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。改错:(错)She sang lovely.(错)He spoke to me very friendly.(对)Her singing was lovely.(对)He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2)有些以-ly结尾既为形容词,也为副词。daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,earlyThe Times is a d
73、aily paper.The Times is published daily.4.3用形容词表示类别和整体1)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungryThe poor are losing hope.2)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用。the British,the English,the French,the Chinese.The English have wonderful sense of humor.4.4多个
74、形容词修饰名词的顺序多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)-出处-材料性质,类别-名词a small round tablea tall gray buildinga dirty old brown shirta famous German medical schoolan expensive Japanese sports car典型例题:1)Tony is going camping with_boys.A.little two otherB.two little otherC.two other littleD.little other t
75、wo答案:C。由限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)-性质-名词的公式可知数词,描绘词,性质依次顺序,只有C符合答案。2)One day they crossed the_bridge behind the palace.A.old Chinese stoneB.Chinese old stoneC.old stone ChineseD.Chinese stone old答案A.几个形容词修饰一个名词,他们的排列顺序是:年龄,形状,大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。3)-How was your recent visit to Qingdao?-It was grea
76、t.We visited some friends,and spent the_days at the seaside.A.few last sunnyB.last few sunnyC.last sunny fewD.few sunny last答案:B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的方在后,在不能确定时,可参照下表:限定词+数量词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+those+three+beautiful+large+square新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词o
77、ld+brown+wood+table4.5副词及其基本用法副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。一、副词的位置:1)在动词之前。2)在be动词、助动词之后。3)多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。注意:a.大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.b.方式副词well,badly糟、坏,hard等只放在句尾。He speaks English well.二、副词的排列顺序:1)时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。2)方式副词,短的在前,长的在后
78、,并用and或but等连词连接。Please write slowly and carefully.3)多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。注意:副词very可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。改错:(错)I very like English.(对)I like English very much.注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。I dont know him well enough.There is enough food for everyone to eat.There is food enough for everyone to e
79、at.4.6兼有两种形式的副词1)close与closelyclose意思是近;closely意思是仔细地He is sitting close to me.Watch him closely.2)late与latelylate意思是晚;lately意思是最近You have come too late.What have you been doing lately?3)deep与deeplydeep意思是深,表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,深深地He pushed the stick deep into the mud.Even father was deeply moved
80、 by the film.4)high与highlyhigh表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于muchThe plane was flying high.I think highly of your opinion.5)wide与widelywide表示空间宽度;widely意思是广泛地,在许多地方He opened the door wide.English is widely used in the world.6)free与freelyfree的意思是免费;freely的意思是无限制地You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you l
81、ike.You may speak freely;say what you like.4.7形容词与副词的比较级大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。1)规则变化单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。构成法 原级比较级 最高级一般单音节词 tall(高的)taller tallest未尾加-er,-est great(巨大的) greater greatest以不发音的e结尾 nice(好的)nicer nicest的单音词和少数 lar
82、ge(大的) larger largest以-le结尾的双 able(有能力的)abler ablest音节词只加-r,-st big(大的) bigger biggest以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单 hot热的) hotter hottest音节词,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加-er,-est以辅音字母+y easy(容易的)easier easiest结尾的双音节词, busy(忙的)busier busiest改y为i,再加-er,-est少数以 clever(聪明的)cleverer cleverest-er,-ow结尾的双音节词 narrow(窄的) narrower narrowest
83、未尾加-er,-est其他双音节词和important(重要的)多音节词,在前 more important面加more,most most important来构成比较级和(容易地)最高级。 easily more easilymost easily2)不规则变化原级 比较级 最高级good(好的)/betterbestwell(健康的)bad(坏的)/ worseworstill(有病的)old(老的)older/elderoldest/eldestmuch/many(多的)moremostlittle(少的)lessleastfar(远的)farther/furtherfarthest/
84、furthest4.8as+形容词或副词原级+as1)在否定句或疑问句中可用soas。He cannot run so/as fast as you.2)当asas中间有名词时采用以下格式。as+形容词+a+单数名词as+many/much+名词This is as good an example as the otheris.I can carry as much paper as you can.3)用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时,放在as的前面。This room is twice as big as that one.Your room is the same size as
85、mine.4)倍数+as+adj.+as倍数+then+ofThis bridge is three times as long as that one.This bridge is three times the length of that one.Your room is twice as large as mine.Your room is twice the size of mine.4.9比较级形容词或副词+thanYou are taller than I.They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.注意:1)要
86、避免重复使用比较级。(错)He is more cleverer than his brother.(对)He is more clever than his brother.(对)He is clever than his brother.2)要避免将主语含在比较对象中。(错)China is larger that any country in Asia.(对)ChinaislargerthananyothercountriesinAsia.3)要注意对应句型,遵循前后一致的原则。The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beiji
87、ng.It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.4)要注意冠词的使用,后有名词的时候,前面才有可能有名词。比较:Which is large,Canada or Australia?Which is the larger country,Canada or Australia?She is taller than her two sisters.She is the taller of the two sisters.4.10可修饰比较级的词1)a bit,a little,rather,much,far,by far,many,a lo
88、t,lots,a great deal,any,still,even等2)还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。3)以上词(除by far)外,必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。典型例题:1)-Are you feeling_?-Yes,Im fine now.A.any wellB.any betterC.quite goodD.quite better答案:B.any可修饰比较级,quite修饰原级,well的比较级为better.2)The experiment was_easier than we had expected.A.moreB.much moreC.muchD.more
89、much答案:C.much可修饰比较级,因此B,C都说得通,但easier本身已是比较级,不需more,因此C为正确答案。3)If there were no examinations,we should have_at school.A.the happiest timeB.a more happiertimeC.much happiest timeD.a much happier time答案:D。4.11many,old和far1)如果后接名词时,much more+不可数名词many more+可数名词复数2)old有两种比较级和最高级形式:older/oldest和elder/eld
90、est。elder,eldest只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。My elder brother is an engineer.Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.3)far有两种比较级,farther,further.在英语中两者都可指距离。在美语中,father表示距离,further表示进一步。I have nothing further to say.4.12the+最高级+比较范围1)The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词the,副词最高级前可不用。形容词most
91、前面没有the,不表示最高级的含义,只表示非常。It is a most important problem.=It is a very important problem.注意:使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。(错)Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.(对)Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.2)下列词可修饰最高级,by far,far,much,mostly,almostThis hat is nearly/almost the biggest.注意:a.very可修饰最高级,但位置与muc
92、h不同。This is the very best.This is much the best.b.序数词通常只修饰最高级。Africa is the second largest continent.3)句型转换:Mike is the most intelligent in his class.Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.4)否定词语+比较级,否定词语+soas结构表示最高级含义。Nothing is so easy as this.=Nothing is easier than this.=T
93、his is the easiest thing.4.13和more有关的词组1)the morethe more越就越The harder you work,the greater progress youll make.2)more B than A与其说A不如说Bless A than BHe is more lazy than slow at his work.=He is less slow than lazy at his work.3)no morethan与一样,不比多The officials could see no more than the Emperor.no les
94、sthan与一样He is no less diligent than you.4)more than不只是,非常She is more than kind to usall.典型例题1)The weather in China is different from_.A.in AmericaB.one in AmericaC.AmericaD.that in America答案:D.本题意为中国的天气比美国热。比较的是天气而不是国家,C不能选。A没有名词,后句成分不全,排除。B和D中,B中的one常用来代替可数名词,而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词,所以选D。2)After the new
95、 technique was introduced,the factory produced_tractors in 1988 as the year before.A.as twice manyB.as many twiceC.twice as manyD.twice many as答案C.此句意为这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍。表示倍数用倍数+as+形容词原形+as+比较对象的句型。所以此句答案为C。This ruler is three times as long as that one.5.动词1)表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。2)根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实
96、义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如:We are having a meeting.我们正在开会。(having是实义动词。)He has gone to NewYork.他已去纽约。(has是助动词。)3)动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt.和vi.。说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如:She ca
97、n dance and sing.她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)She can sing many English songs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。)4)根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词(Finite Verb)、非限定动词(Non-finite Verb)例如:She sings very well.她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。)She wants to learn English well.她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词。说
98、明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle)。5)根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是:单字词(One-WordVerb)、短语动词(Phrasal Verb)、动词短语(Verbal Phrase)例如:The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。(contains是单字动词。)Students should learn to look up new words indictionari
99、es.学生们学会查字典。(look up是短语动词。)The young ought to take care of the old.年轻人应照料老人。(takecareof是动词短语。)6)动词有五种形态,分别是:原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular Fromin Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。5.1系动词系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说
100、明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。说明:有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。)He fell off the ladder.他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:He is a teacher.他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如:He always kept
101、silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。3)表像系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念,主要有seem,appear,look,例如:He look stired.他看起来很累。He seems(tobe) very sad.他看起来很伤心。4)感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如:This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。5)变化系动词这些系动词表示主语
102、变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如:He became mad after that.自那之后,他疯了。She grew rich with in a short time.她没多长时间就富了。6)终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove,trun out,表达证实,变成之意,例如:The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止
103、性结果)5.2什么是助动词1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如:He doesnt like English.他不喜欢英语。(doesnt是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)2)助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:a.表示时态,例如:He is singing.他在唱歌。He has got married.他已结婚。b.表示语态,例如:He was sent to England.他被派往英国。c.构成疑问句,例如:Do you like colle
104、ge life?你喜欢大学生活吗?Did you study English before you came here?你来这儿之前学过英语吗?d.与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:I dont like him.我不喜欢他。e.加强语气,例如:Do come to the party tomorrow evening.明天晚上一定来参加晚会。He did know that.他的确知道那件事。3)最常用的助动词有:be,have,do,shall,will,should,would5.3助动词be的用法1)be+现在分词,构成进行时态,例如:They are having a meet
105、ing.他们正在开会。English is becoming more and more important.英语现在越来越重要。2)be+过去分词,构成被动语态,例如:The window was broken by Tom.窗户是汤姆打碎的。English is taught through out the world.世界各地都教英语。3)be+动词不定式,可表示下列内容:a.表示最近、未来的计划或安排,例如:He is to go to New York next week.他下周要去纽约。We are to teach the fresh persons.我们要教新生。说明:这种用法
106、也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。b.表示命令,例如:You are to explain this.对此你要做出解释。He is to come to the office this afternoon.要他今天下午来办公室。c.征求意见,例如:How am I to answer him?我该怎样答复他?Who is to go there?谁该去那儿呢?d.表示相约、商定,例如:We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。5.4助动词have的用法1)have+过去分词,构成完成时态,
107、例如:He has left for London.他已去了伦敦。By the end of last month,they had finished half of their work.上月未为止,他们已经完成工作的一半。2)have+been+现在分词,构成完成进行时,例如:I have been studying English forten years.我一直在学英语,已达十年之久。3)have+been+过去分词,构成完成式被动语态,例如:English has been taught in China form any years.中国教英语已经多年。5.5助动词do的用法1)构
108、成一般疑问句,例如:Do you want to pass the CET?你想通过大学英语测试吗?Did you study German?你们学过德语吗?2)do+not构成否定句,例如:I do not want to be criticized.我不想挨批评。He doesnt like to study.他不想学习。In the past,many students did not know the importance of English.过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性。3)构成否定祈使句,例如:Dont go there.不要去那里。Dont be so absent-min
109、ded.不要这么心不在焉。说明:构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。4)放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气,例如:Do come to my birthday party.一定来参加我的生日宴会。I did go there.我确实去那儿了。I do miss you.我确实想你。5)用于倒装句,例如:Never did I hear of such a thing.我从未听说过这样的事情。Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。
110、说明:引导此类倒装句的副词有never,seldom,rarely,little,only,so,well等。6)用作代动词,例如:-Do you like Beijing?-你喜欢北京吗?-Yes,I do.-是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing.)He know show to drive a car,doesnt he?他知道如何开车,对吧?5.6助动词shall和will的用法shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时,例如:I shall study harder at English.我将更加努力地学习英语。He will go to Sh
111、anghai.他要去上海。说明:在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will只用于第二、第三人称。现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较:He shall come.他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。)He will come.他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。)5.7助动词should,would的用法1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称,例如:I telephoned him yesterday to ask
112、what I should do next week.我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么。比较:What shall I do next week?I asked.我下周干什么?我问道。(可以说,shall变成间接引语时,变成了should。)2)would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称,例如:He said he would come.他说他要来。比较:I will go,he said.他说:我要去那儿。变成间接引语,就成了:He said he would come.原来的will变成would,go变成了come.。5.8短语动词动词加小品
113、构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词(Phrasal Verb)。例如:Turn off the radio.把收音机关上。(turn off是短语动词)短语动词的构成基本有下列几种:1)动词+副词,如:black out;2)动词+介词,如:look into;3)动词+副词+介词,如:look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词(Particle)。5.9非谓语动词在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式,动名词,和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。1)不定式时态语态主动被动一般式to doto be done完成式t
114、o have doneto have been done2)动名词时态语态主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done3)分词时态语态主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done否定形式:not+不定式,not+动名词,not+现在分词6.动名词6.1动名词作主语、宾语和表语1)作主语Fighting broke out between the South and the North.南方与北方开战了。2)作宾语a.动词后加动名词doing作宾语V.+doing sthadm
115、it承认appreciate感激,赞赏avoid避免complete完成consider认为delay耽误deny否认detest讨厌endure忍受enjoy喜欢escape逃脱prevent阻止fancy想象finish完成imagine想象mind介意miss想念postpone推迟practise训练recall回忆resent讨厌resist抵抗resume继续risk冒险suggest建议face面对include包括stand忍受understand理解forgive宽恕keep继续举例:(1)Would you mind turning down your radio a li
116、ttle,please?(2)The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.b.词组后接doingadmit toprefertobeused tolead todevote oneself toobject tostick tobusylook forward to(to为介词)no good,no use,Its worth,as well as,cant help,Its nouse/goodbe tired ofbe fond ofbe capable ofbe afraid ofbe proud ofthink of/
117、abouthold offput offkeep oninsist oncount on/uponset aboutbe successful ingood attake upgive upburst outpreventfrom3)作表语Her job is washing,cleaning and taking care of the children.6.2worth的用法worth,worthy,worth-while都为adj.意为值得。1.worth:be worth+n.当名词为金钱时,表示值得be worth doing sth.某事值得被做The question is no
118、t worth discussing again and again.2.worthy:be worthy of+n.当名词为抽象名词时表示值得be worthy to be done某事值得被做The question is not worthy to be discussed again and again.3.worth-while:be worth-while to do sth值得做某事worth while:It is worth while doing sthIt is worth while sb to do sth.典型例题It is not_to discuss the q
119、uestion again and again.A.worthB.worthyC.worth-whileD.worth while答案C.由worth的用法可知,此句只适合词组be worth-while to do sth.。因此选C。7.动词不定式7.1不定式作宾语1)动词+不定式affordaimappearagreearrangeaskbedecidebothercarechoosecomedaredemanddesiredetermineexpectelectendeavorhopefailhappenhelphesitatelearnlongmeanmanageofferought
120、planpreparepretendpromiserefuseseemtendwaitwishunder take举例:The driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。2)动词+不定式;动词+宾语+不定式ask,beg,choose,expect,hate,help intend like,love,need prefer,prepare,promise,want,wishI like to keep ev
121、erything tidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。I want to speak to Tom.我想和汤姆谈话。I want you to speak to Tom.我想让你和汤姆谈话。3)动词+疑问词+todecide,know,consider forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,findout,explain,tellPlease show us how to do that.请演示给我们如何去做。There a
122、re so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。The question is how to put it in to practice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。7.2不定式作补语1)动词+宾语+不定式(todo)adviseallowappointbelievecausechallengecommandcompelconsiderdeclaredriveenableencourag
123、efindforbidforceguesshireimagineimpelinduceinforminstructinvitejudgeknowlikeorderpermitpersuaderemindreportrequestrequireselectsendstatesupposetellthinktraintrustunderstandurgewarn例句:a.Father will not allow us to play on the street.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。b.We believe him to be guilty.我们相信他是有罪的。Find的特殊用法:Find后可
124、用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get,have。I found him lying on the ground.I found it important to learn.I found that to learn English is important.典型例题:The next morning she found the man_in bed,dead.A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying答案:A.find的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达
125、被动。2)to+be的不定式结构,作补语的动词。Acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(声称),discover,fancy(设想),feelfind,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,see(理解),show,suppose,take(以为),understandWe consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。典型例题Charles Babb age is generally considered_the firs
126、t computer.A.to inventB.inventingC.to have inventedD.having invented答案:A.由consider to do sth.排除B、D。.此句只说明发明这一个事实,不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时,发明为点动词一般不用完成时,且此处也不强调对现在的影响,因此不选C。3)to be+形容词Seem,appear,be said,be supposed,be believed,be thought,be known,be reported,hope,wish,desire,want,plan,expect,meanThe book
127、is believed to beuninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。4)there be+不定式believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstandWe didnt expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。注意:有些动词需用as短语做补语,如regard,think believe,take,consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Mary took him
128、 as her father.玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。7.3不定式主语1)Its easy(forme) to do that.我做这事太容易了easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;the first,the next,the last,the best,too much,too little,not enoughIts sonice to hear your voice.听到你的声音真高兴。Its necessary for you to lock the car when
129、 you do not use it.当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。2)Its very kind of you to help us.他帮助我们,他真好。Kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(考虑周到的),silly,selfish(自私的)例句:It was silly of us to believe him.我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私
130、了。注意:1)其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型2)不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。3)当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It isto的句型(对)To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。(错)It is to believe to see.7.4Its for sb.和Its of sb.1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等:Its very hard for him to study two languages.对他
131、来说学两门外语是很难的。2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right。Its very nice of you to help me.你来帮助我,你真是太好了。for与of的辨别方法:用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of,不通则用for。如:You are nice.(通顺,所以应用of)。He is hard.(人是困难的,不通,因此应用for。)7.5不定式作表语不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。例如:My work is to clean
132、the room everyday.His dream is to be a doctor.7.6不定式作定语不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如:I have a lot of work to do.So he made some candles to give light.7.7不定式作状语1)目的状语Toonly to(仅仅为了),in order to,so as to,so(such)as to(如此以便)He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。I come here only to say good-bye
133、to you.我来仅仅是向你告别。2)作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。What have I said to make you angry.He searched the room only to find nothing.3)表原因Im glad to see you.典型例题The chair looks rather hard,butin fact it is very comfortable to_.A.sitB.sit onC.be seatD.be saton答案:B.如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时,常位于形容词+动词不定式结构的末尾
134、。7.8用作介词的toto有两种用法:一为不定式+动词原形;一为介词+名词/动名词,to在下面的用法中是第二种,即to+名词/动名词:admit to承认,confess to承认,be accustomed to习惯于,be used to习惯于,stick to坚持,turn to开始,着手于,devote oneself to献身于,be devoted to致力于,look forward to盼望,pay attention to注意7.9省to的动词不定式1)情态动词(除ought外,ought to):2)使役动词let,have,make:3)感官动词see,watch,loo
135、k at,notice,observe,hear,listen to,smell,feel,find等后作宾补,省略to。注意:在被动语态中则to不能省掉。I saw him dance.=He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.4)would rather,had better:5)Why/why not:6)help可带to,也可不带to,help sb(to) do sth:7)but和except:but前是动词do时,后面出
136、现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。8)由and,or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to可以省去:9)通常在discover,imagine,suppose,think,understand等词后,可以省去tobe:He is supposed(to be) nice.他应该是个好人。举例:He wants to move to France and marry the girl.He wants to do nothing but go out.比较:He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to t
137、ake the medicine.典型例题1)-I usually go there by train.-Why not_by boat for a change?A.to try goingB.trying to goC.to try and goD.try going答案:D。whynot后面接不带to的不定式,因此选D。2)Paul doesnt have to be made_.He always works hard.A.learnB.to learnC.learnedD.learning答案:B。make后接不带to的动词不定式,当其用于被动时,to不可省略。7.10动词不定式的否
138、定式Tell him not to shut the windowShe pretended not to see me when I passed by.我走过的时候,她假装没看见。典型例题1)Tell him_the window.A.to shut notB.not to shutC.to not shutD.not shut答案:B。tell sb to do sth的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.2)She pretended _ me when I passed by.A.not to seeB.not seeingC.to not seeD.having
139、not seen答案:A。pretend后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。3)Mrs.Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking.A.never to driveB.to never driverC.never drivingD.never drive答案:A。warn sb to do sth.的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth.此处用的是否定词never.4)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother tol
140、d him_.A.not toB.not to doC.not do itD.do not to答案:A。not to为not to do it的省略形式。可以只用to这个词,而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等,否则不对,因此B,D不对。5)The patient was warned_oily food after the operation.A.to eat noB.eating notC.not to eatD.not eating答案:C。warn一词要求后用不定式,此处为不定式的被动,否定形式为be warned not to do。7.11不定式的特殊句型to
141、oto1)tooto太以至于He is too excited to speak.他太激动了,说不出话来。-Can I help you?需要我帮忙吗?-Well,Im afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it,but thank you all the same.不用了。这箱子太重,恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。2)如在too前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定,too后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意为不太。Itsnevertoolatetomend.(谚语)改过不嫌晚。3)当too前面有only,all,but时,意思是:非常等于very。Im
142、only too pleased to be able to help you.我非常高兴能帮助你。He was but too eager to get home.他非常想回家。7.12不定式的特殊句型so as to1)表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿。2)so kind as to-劳驾Would you
143、be so kind as to tell me the time?劳驾,现在几点了。7.13不定式的特殊句型Why notWhy not+动词原形表达向某人提出建议,翻译为:为什么不?干吗不?例如:Why not take a holiday?干吗不去度假?7.14不定式的时态和语态时态语态 主动 被动一般式to doto be done进行式to be doing完成式to have done to have been done完成进行式to have been doing1)现在时:一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。He seems t
144、o know this.I hope to see you again.=I hope that Ill see you again.我希望再见到你。2)完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.Heseemstohavecaughtacold.3)进行时:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。He seems to be eating something.4)完成进行时:She is known to have been wreaking on the problem form any ye
145、ars.7.15动名词与不定式1)动名词与不定式的区别:动名词表达的是:状态,性质,心境,抽象,经常性,已发生的不定式表达的是:目的,结果,原因,具体,一次性,将发生的2)接不定式或动名词,意义相同。3)动名词与不定式语义不同的有11组:1stop to dostop doing2 forget to doforget doing3remember to doremember doing4 regret to doregret doing5cease to do cease doing6 try to do try doing7goon to do goon doing8 afraid to
146、doafraid doing9interested to dointerested doing10 mean to domean doing11 begin/start to do begin/start doing8.特殊词精讲8.1stop doing/to dostop to do停止,中断做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing停止做某事。They stop to smoke a cigarette.他们停下来,抽了根烟。I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了。典型例题She reached the top of the hill and stopped_on a bi
147、g rock by the side of the path.A.to have restedB.restingC.to restD.rest答案:C。由题意可知,她到了山顶,停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此,应选择stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止,所以stop doing sth.不正确。8.2forget doing/to doforget to do忘记要去做某事。(未做)forget doing忘记做过某事。(已做)The light in the office is still on.He forgot to turn it off.办公
148、室的灯还在亮着,它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)He forgot turning the ligh to ff.他忘记他已经关了灯了。(已做过关灯的动作)Dont forget to come tomorrow.别忘了明天来。(to come动作未做)典型例题-The light in the office is still on.-Oh,I forgot_.A.turning it offB.turn it offC.to turn it offD.having turned it off答案:C。由the light is still on可知灯亮着,即关灯的动作没有发生,因此用forg
149、et to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了,而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。8.3remember doing/to doremember to do记得去做某事(未做)remember doing记得做过某事(已做)Remember to go to the post office after school.记着放学后去趟邮局。Dont you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?8.4regret doing/to doregret to do对要做的事遗憾。(未做)regret doing对做过的
150、事遗憾、后悔。(已做)I regret to have to do this,but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没有办法。I dont regret telling her what I thought.我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。典型例题-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.-Well,now I regret_that.A.to doB.to be doingC.to have doneD.having done答案:D。regret having done sth.对已发生的
151、事感到遗憾。regret to do sth.对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔,因此选D。8.5cease doing/to docease to do长时间,甚至永远停做某事。cease doing短时停止做某事,以后还会接着做。That departmenth as ceased to exist forever.那个部门已不复存在。The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘们在老师走过时,停了会聊天。8.6try doing/to dotry to do努力,企图做某事。try
152、 doing试验,试着做某事。You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。I tried gardening but didnt succeed.我试着种果木花卉,但未成功。8.7go on doing/to dogo on to do做了一件事后,接着做另一件事。go on doing继续做原来做的事。After he had finished his maths,he went on to do his physics.做完数学后,他接着去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished
153、 this one.作完这个练习后,接着做其他的练习8.8be afraid doing/to dobe afraid to do不敢,胆怯去做某事,是主观上的原因不去做,意为怕;be afraid of doing担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing是客观上造成的,意为生怕,恐怕。She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬着,而不敢在草丛中再走一步。She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
154、She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。8.9be interested doing/to dointerested to do对做某事感兴趣,想了解某事。interested in doing对某种想法感兴趣,doing通常为想法。I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道发生了什么事。(想了解)Im interested in working in Switzerland.Do you have any idea about that?我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗?(一种想法)8
155、.10mean to doing/to domean to do打算、想mean doing意味着I mean to go,but my father would not allow me to.我想去,但是我父亲不肯让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.赠加工资意味着增加购买力。8.11begin(start) doing/to dobegin/start to do sthbegin/start doing sth.1)谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时,使用doing.How old were you when you fi
156、rst started playing the piano?你几岁时开始弹钢琴?2)begin,start用进行时时,后面动词用不定式to doI was beginning to get angry。我开始生起气来。3)在attempt,intend,begin,start后接know,understand,realize这类动词时,常用不定式to do。I begin to understand the truth。我开始明白真相。4)物作主语时It began to melt.8.12感官动词+doing/to do感官动词see,watch,observe,notice,lookat,
157、hear,listen to,smell,taste,feel+do表示动作的完整性,真实性;+doing表示动作的连续性,进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调我看见了这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(强调我见他正干活这个动作)昨天我见他正在花园里干活。典型例题1)They knew her very well.They had seen her_up from childhood.A.growB.grewC.was growingD.to grow答
158、案:A。因题意为,他们看着她长大,因此强调的是成长的过程,而非正在长的动作,因此用see sb do sth的句型。2)Them is sing boy was last seen_near the river.A.playingB.to be playingC.playD.to play答案A.本题强调其动作,正在河边玩,应此用see sb.doing sth句型。9.分词9.1分词作定语分词前置We can see the rising sun.我们可以看到东升的旭日He is a retired worker.他是位退休的工人分词后置(i分词词组;ii个别分词如given,left;ii
159、i修饰不定代词something等)There was a girl sitting there.有个女孩坐在那里This is the question given.这是所给的问题There is nothing interesting.没有有趣的东西过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系,相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.典型例题1)The fi
160、rst text book_for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A.have writtenB.to be writtenC.being writtenD.written答案D.书与写作是被动关系,应用过去分词做定语表被动,相当于定语从句which is written2)Whats the language_in Germany?A.speakingB.spokenC.be spokenD.to speak答案B.主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。spoken是动词spe
161、ak的过去分词形式,在句中作定语,修饰主语language,spoken与language有被动关系。该句可以理解为:Whats the language(which is) spoken in German?9.2分词作状语As I didnt receive any letter from him,I gave him a call.-Not receiving any letter from him,I gave him a call.由于没有收到他的信,我给他打了电话。If more attention was given,the trees could have grown bett
162、er.-Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.假如多给些照顾,那些树会长得更好。典型例题1)_some officials,Napoleon inspected his army.A.FollowedB.Followed byC.Being followedD.Having been followed答案B.Napoleon与follow之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外,还有动作正在进行之意。followed by(被跟随)。本题可改为:With some officials following
163、,Napoleon inspected his army.2)There was a terrible noise_the sudden burst of light.A.followedB.followingC.to be followedD.being followed答案B.由于声音在闪电后,因此为声跟随着光,声音为跟随的发出者,为主动。用现在分词。3)_,liquids can be changed into gases.A.HeatingB.To be heatedC.HeatedD.Heat答案C.本题要选一分词作为状语。现在分词表主动,正在进行的;过去分词表被动的,已经完成的。对
164、于液体来说是加热的受动者,是被动的,因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句When it is heated,注意:选择现在分词还是过去分词,关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出,分词就选用现在分词,反之就用过去分词。(Being)used for a long time,the book look sold.由于用了很长时间,这本书看上去很旧。Using the book,I find it useful.在使用的过程中,我发现这本书很有用。9.3连词+分词(短语)有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚,可在分词前加连词。连词有:when,while,if though,after,before
165、,as.但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个,如:While waiting there,he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.waiting和saw的主语相同。9.4分词作补语通常在感官动词和使役动词之后,如:I found my car missing.我发现我的车不见了。Ill have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。9.5分词作表语现在分词:表示主动,正在进行过去分词:表示被动,已经完成She looked tired with cooking.她由于忙着做饭,看上去有些疲倦。He remained
166、 standing beside the table.他依然站在桌旁。9.6分词作插入语其结构是固定的,意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。generally speaking一般说来talking of(speaking of)说道strictly speaking严格的说judging from从判断all things considered从整体来看taking all things into consideration全面看来Judging from his face,he must be ill.从他的脸色看,他一定是病了。Generally speaking,dogs can run f
167、aster than pigs.总的来说,狗比猪跑得快。(speaking并不是dogs的动作)9.7分词的时态1)与主语动词同时,Hearing the news,he jumped with joy.听到这一消息,他高兴得手舞足蹈。Arriving there,they found the boy dead.刚一到那儿,他们就发现那男孩死了。典型例题The secretary worked late into the night,_along speech for the president.A.to prepareB.preparingC.preparedD.was preparing答
168、案B.此处没有连词,不能选D,否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和was preparing。只能在B,C中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生,且与主语为主动关系,应用现在分词。2)先于主动词While walking in the garden,he hurt his leg.在花园里散步时他伤了腿。分词作时间状语,如果先与主动词的动作,且强调先后,要用having done。Having finished his homework,he went out.=As he had finished his homework,he went out.做完作业后,他出去了。典型例题_a reply,
169、he decided to write again.A.Not receivingB.Receiving notC.Not having receivedD.Having not received答案C.本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断,分词的动作(接信)发生在谓语动词的动作(决心再写信)之前,因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not+分词,故选C。该句可理解为:Because he had not received a reply,he decided to write again.9.8分词的语态1)通常,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动,例如:He is the m
170、an giving you the money.(=who gave you)他就是给你钱的那个人。He is the man stopped by the car.(=who was stopped by)他就是那个被车拦住的人。2)不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生gone,fallen,retired,grown-up,escaped,faded,returned例:a well-read person.一个读过许多书的人a much-travelled may一个去过许多地方的人a burnt-out match烧完了的火柴10.独立主格10.1独立主格(一):独立主格结构的构成:名
171、词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;名词(代词)+形容词;名词(代词)+副词;名词(代词)+不定式;名词(代词)+介词短语构成。(二)独立主格结构的特点:1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。举例:The test finished,we began our holiday.=When the test was finished,we began our holiday.考试结束了,我们开始放假。The president assassinated,the whole cou
172、ntry was in deep sorrow.=After the president was assassinated,the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。Weather permitting,we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。This done,we went home.工作完成后,我们才回家。The meeting gone over,everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。He cam
173、e into the room,his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。He came out of the library,a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆10.2With的复合结构作独立主格表伴随时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构。with+名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语举例:He stood there,his hand raised.=He stood there,with his hand raise.典型例题The murder was brought
174、 in,with his hands_behind his back。A.being tiedB.having tiedC.to be tiedD.tied答案D.with+名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词手与分词绑是被动关系,因此用过去分词,选D.注意:1)独立主格结构使用介词的问题:当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但with的复合结构不受此限制A robber burst into the room,knife in hand.(hand前不能加his)。2)当表人体部位的词做
175、逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词。He lay there,his teeth set,his hand clenched,his eyes looking straight up.典型例题:Weather_,well go out for a walk.A permittedB permittingC permitsD for permitting答案B.本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句。句中使用了逗号,且we小写,可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断,本句中使用的是独立结构,其结构为:名词+分词。由于permit在这里
176、翻译为天气允许,表主动,应用现在分词,故选B。如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为If weather permits,well go out for a walk.然后将if去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。11.动词的时态11.1一般现在时的用法1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语:every,sometimes,at,on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。The earth moves around the sun.Shang
177、hai lies in the east of China.3)表示格言或警句中。Pridegoesbeforeafall.骄者必败。注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例:Columbus proved that the earth is round.4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。I dont want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now
178、.第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。再如:Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back.第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。11.2一般过去时的用法1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有:yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982等。Where did you go just now?2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。When I was a chil
179、d,I often played football in the street.Whenever the Browns went during their visit,they were given a warm welcome.3)句型:It is time for sb.to do sth到时间了该了It is time sb.did sth.时间已迟了早该了It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。would(had) rather sb.did sth.表示宁愿某人做某事Id rath
180、er you came tomorrow.4)wish,wonder,think,hope等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。I thought you might have some.我以为你想要一些。比较:一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。)Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着)Mrs.Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州
181、。)Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)注意:用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。1)动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。Did you want any thing else?I wondered if you could help me.2)情态动词could,would.Could you lend me your bike?11.3used to/beused toused to+do:过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。Mother use
182、d not to be so forgetful.Scarf used to take a walk.(过去常常散步)be used to+doing:对已感到习惯,或习惯于,to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)典型例题-Your phone number again?I_quite catch it.-Its 69568442.A.didntB.couldntC.dontD.cant答案A.本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个
183、动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。11.4一般将来时1)shall用于第一人称,常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称,在争求意见时常用于第二人称。Which paragraph shall I read first.Will you beat home at seven this evening?2)be going to+不定式,表示将来。a.主语的意图,即将做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow?b.计划,安排要发生的事。The play is going to be produced next month。c.有迹象要发生的事Look at
184、the dark clouds,there is going to be a storm.3)be+不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。We are to discuss the report next Saturday.4)be about to+不定式,意为马上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing.注意:be about to不能与tomorrow,next week等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。11.5be going to/will用于条件句时,be going to表将来will表意愿If you are going to make a j
185、ourney,youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes,we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.11.6be to和be going tobe to表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。be going to表示主观的打算或计划。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客观安排)Im going to play football tomorrow af
186、ternoon.(主观安排)11.7一般现在时表将来1)下列动词:come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.When does the bus star?It stars in ten minutes.2)倒装句,表示动作正在进行,如:Here comes the bus.=The bus is coming.There goes the bell.=The bell is ringing.3)在时间或条件句中。W
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