柏拉图对话录全文译读P661.docx
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1、 柏拉图对话录英汉双语版 柏拉图对话录全文译读PLATOS DIALOGUES 目 录 688 / 691INTRODUCTORY NOTE1简介1THE APOLOGY OF SOCRATES4苏格拉底的道歉4CRITO54克里托篇54INTRODUCTORY NOTE213简介213THE GOLDEN SAYINGS OFEPICTETUS215爱比克泰德的黄金名言215(APPENDIX A)334(附录A)334FRAGMENTS334片段334(APPENDIX B)339(附录B)339THE HYMN OF CLEANTHES339洁净的圣歌339INDEX FOR REFER
2、ENCE342参考索引342INDEX FOR REFERENCETO APPENDIX A351附录a的参考索引351INTRODUCTORY NOTE352简介352THE MEDITATIONS OF MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS354马可奥勒留安东尼的沉思354M.AURELIUS ANTONINUS M.565奥尼利乌斯 安东尼努斯565BY GEORGE LONG, M.A.566乔治朗,文学硕士566THE PHILOSOPHYOF ANTONINUS599安东尼的哲学599BY GEORGE LONG, M.A.599乔治朗,文学硕士599Annotati
3、on651注释651INTRODUCTORY NOTE简介SOCRATES, the son of an Athenian sculptor, was born in 469 B.C.He was trained in his fathers art, but gave it up early to devote is time to the search for truth and virtue.He took his part as a citizen both in war and in peace, and bore the hardships of poverty and a shr
4、ewish wife with calm indifference.He did not give formal instruction after the fashion of other philosophers of his time, but went about engaging people in conversation, seeking, chiefly by questions, to induce his contemporaries, and especially the young men, to think clearly and to act reasonably.
5、He made profession of no knowledge except of his own ignorance, and the famous “Socratic irony” was shown in his attitude of apparent willingness to learn from anyone who professed to know.The inevitable result of such conversations, however, was the reduction of the would-be instructor to a state e
6、ither of irritation at the unmasking of his pretensions, or of humility and eagerness to be instructed by his questioner.It was natural that such a habit should create enemies, and Socrates was finally accused of introducing new gods and of corrupting the youth.His defense, as will be seen from the
7、“Apology,” was conducted with his customary firm adherence to his convictions, and with entire fearlessness of consequences.He could, in all probability, have easily escaped the death sentence had he been willing to take a conciliatory tone, but he died (B.C.399) a martyr to his unswerving devotion
8、to truth.Socrates wrote nothing, and we learn what we know of his teachings chiefly from his disciples, Xenophon and Plato.Plato was also an Athenian, born in 428 B.C.of a distinguished family.He became a disciple of Socrates at the age of twenty, and after the death of his master he traveled in Egy
9、pt, Sicily, and elsewhere, returning to Athens about 388.Here he established his school of philosophy in a garden near a gymnasium, called the Academy, and here he spent the last forty years of his life, numbering among his pupils his great rival in philosophical renown, Aristotle.Unlike Socrates, P
10、lato took no part in the civic life of Athens, but he was much interested in political philosophy, and is said to have been consulted by statesmen both at home and abroad.All the works of Plato have been preserved, and they include, besides those here printed, the “Republic,” “Symposium,” “Phaedrus,
11、” “Protagoras,” “Theaetetus,” “Gorgias,” and many others.They take the form of dialogues, in which Plato himself appears, if at all, only as a listener, and in which the chief speaker is Socrates.As Plato developed the philosophy of Socrates, especially on speculative lines, far beyond the point rea
12、ched by Socrates himself, it is impossible to judge with any exactness precisely how much of the teaching is the masters, how much the pupils.苏格拉底出生于公元前469年,他的父亲是一位雅典雕刻家。他接受的是父亲的艺术训练,但他很早就放弃了这门艺术,把时间花在寻求真理和美德上。无论是在战争时期还是在和平时期,他都尽到一个公民的责任,对贫穷和一个泼妇的妻子所带来的苦难,他都泰然自若。他不像他那个时代的其他哲学家那样进行正式的教学,而是到处与人们交谈,主要通
13、过提问来引导他的同时代人,尤其是年轻人,清晰地思考,合理地行动。除了他自己的无知之外,他什么都不知道。著名的“苏格拉底式的讽刺”表现在他明显愿意向任何自称知道的人学习的态度上。然而,这种谈话的不可避免的结果是,这位想当讲师的人,不是因为自己的自命不凡被揭穿而生气,就是谦卑而急切地想要接受提问者的指导。这样的习惯自然会树敌,苏格拉底最后被指控引入新神和腐蚀青年。他的辩护,正如我们将从“道歉”中看到的那样,是按照他一贯的坚定信念进行的,并且完全不惧后果。如果他愿意采取一种和解的语气,他很可能很容易逃脱死刑,但他死于(公元前399年),因为他坚定不移地献身于真理。苏格拉底没有写任何东西,我们所知道的
14、他的教诲主要是从他的门徒色诺芬和柏拉图那里学来的。柏拉图也是雅典人,公元前428年出生于一个显赫的家庭。他在二十岁时成为苏格拉底的弟子,在他的导师死后,他游历了埃及、西西里和其他地方,大约在388年回到雅典。在这里,他在一个体育馆附近的花园里建立了自己的哲学学院,叫做学院。在这里,他度过了生命的最后四十年,他的学生中有他在哲学上的伟大竞争对手亚里士多德。与苏格拉底不同,柏拉图不参与雅典的公民生活,但他对政治哲学很感兴趣,据说国内外的政治家都向他请教过。柏拉图的所有著作都被保存了下来,除了这里印刷的那些,还包括理想国、会饮篇、费德努斯、普罗塔哥拉斯、泰阿德图、戈尔吉亚和许多其他的著作。它们以对话
15、的形式出现,在对话中,柏拉图本人,如果有的话,也只是作为一个听众出现,而在对话中,主要的演讲者是苏格拉底。当柏拉图发展苏格拉底的哲学,特别是在思辨的方向上,远远超出苏格拉底本人所能达到的程度时,我们不可能准确地判断出,有多少是老师的教学,有多少是学生的教学。The philosophy of these dialogues has remained for over two thousand years one of the great intellectual influences of the civilized world; and they are as admirable from
16、the point of view of literature as of philosophy.The style is not only beautiful in itself, but is adapted with great dramatic skill to the large variety of speakers; and the suggestion of situation and the drawing of character are the work of a great artist.The three dialogues here given are at onc
17、e favorable examples of the literary skill of Plato and intimate pictures of the personality of his master.两千多年来,这些对话的哲学一直是文明世界最伟大的思想影响之一;从文学和哲学的角度来看,他们都是令人钦佩的。这种风格不仅本身很美,而且以高超的戏剧技巧适应各种各样的演讲者;情境的暗示和人物的描绘是伟大艺术家的作品。这里给出的三篇对话录既是柏拉图文学技巧的好例子,也是他的主人性格的亲密写照。THE APOLOGY OF SOCRATES苏格拉底的道歉HOW you have felt,
18、O men of Athens, at hearing the speeches of my accusers, I cannot tell; but I know that their persuasive words almost made me forget who I was, such was the effect of them; and yet they have hardly spoken a word of truth.But many as their falsehoods were, there was one of them which quite amazed me:
19、 I mean when they told you to be upon your guard, and not to let yourself be deceived by the force of my eloquence.They ought to have been ashamed of saying this, because they were sure to be detected as soon as I opened my lips and displayed my deficiency; they certainly did appear to be most shame
20、less in saying this, unless by the force of eloquence they mean the force of truth: for then I do indeed admit that I am eloquent.But in how different a way from theirs! Well, as I was saying, they have hardly uttered a word, or not more than a word, of truth; but you shall hear from me the whole tr
21、uth: not, however, delivered after their manner, in a set oration duly ornamented with words and phrases.No, indeed! but I shall use the words and arguments which occur to me at the moment; for I am certain that this is right, and that at my time of life I ought not to be appearing before you, O men
22、 of Athens, in the character of a juvenile orator: let no one expect this of me.And I must beg of you to grant me one favor, which is thisif you hear me using the same words in my defence which I have been in the habit of using, and which most of you may have heard in the agora, and at the tables of
23、 the money-changers, or anywhere else, I would ask you not to be surprised at this, and not to interrupt me.For I am more than seventy years of age, and this is the first time that I have ever appeared in a court of law, and I am quite a stranger to the ways of the place; and therefore I would have
24、you regard me as if I were really a stranger, whom you would excuse if he spoke in his native tongue, and after the fashion of his country: that I think is not an unfair request.Never mind the manner, which may or may not be good; but think only of the justice of my cause, and give heed to that: let
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