《英语写作基础教程》课件Part_2.pptx
《《英语写作基础教程》课件Part_2.pptx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《《英语写作基础教程》课件Part_2.pptx(102页珍藏版)》请在文库网上搜索。
1、1Sentence WritingSentence Writing9.SentenceFundamentals10.WritingCorrectly(I)11.WritingCorrectly(II)12.SentenceUnity13.SentenceConciseness14.SentenceEmphasis15.SentenceVariety16.UsefulPatternsPartTwo29SentenceFundamentalsThesentenceistraditionallydefinedasawordgroupthatexpressesacompleteidea.Itbegin
2、swithacapitalletterandendswithaperiod,questionmark,orexclamationpoint.Asentenceconsistsoftwomainelements:subjectandverb.Whoorwhatthesentencespeaksaboutiscalledthesubject;whatthesentencesaysaboutthesubjectiscalledtheverb.Everysentencehasasubjectandaverb.Often,asentencemaycontainsomemodifiers,suchasat
3、tribute,adverbial,complement,etc.9.1 9.1 Five basic patternsFive basic patternsTherearefivebasicsentencepatternsinEnglish:S-V,S-V-C,S-V-O,S-V-o-O,andS-V-O-C.InS-Vpattern,Visanintransitiveverb,anditusuallyhasanadverbialtoshowtime,place,purpose,reason,manner and degree.The adverbial can be adverb,prep
4、ositional phrase,participlephraseorinfinitivephrase.SoS-VpatternmayevolvetobeS-V-A,whichbelongstoS-V.a.Theeraofglobalizationhasalreadycome.b.Thequalityofmanypeoplesliveshasdeterioratedduetotechnologicalprogress.39SentenceFundamentalsTheS-V-Cpatternismadeupofsubject,verbandsubjectcomplement.Theverbis
5、alinkverb.Thecommonlyusedlinkverbsare:be,remain,look,smell,taste,feel,become,get,grow,goandcome.Thesubjectcomplementcanbeanoun,adjective,participle,prepositionalphrase,oraclause.c.Physicalexerciseisoneoftheeffectivewaystoloseweight.d.Herdreamofbecomingawriterfinallycametrue.S-V-Oreferstothesubject-v
6、erb-objectpattern.Sometimes,anadverbialexistsinthesentence.ItisamongthemostcommonpatternsinEnglish.e.Hischildhoodexperienceexertedagreatandlastinginfluenceonhim.f.Intimesofeconomiccrisis,Americansturntotheirfamiliesforsupport.49SentenceFundamentalsInS-V-o-Opattern,Visatransitiveverb,followedbydouble
7、objects,whichmakethesentencemeaningcomplete.Somecommonlyusedverbsinthiscaseareask,give,send,pass,buy,offer,show,readandlend.g.MumhadreadmenumerousstorieswhenIwasgrowingup.h.Theirkindnessgavethemanadvantageoverotherapplicantsfortheadoptionofalittleboy.S-V-O-Cisalittlemorecomplex.Itis,infact,theS-V-Op
8、atternwithanobjectcomplement.i.Atage48,shesawthesignsofagecreepingup.j.Theuseoftechnologyinclassroomscanhelpstudentsraisetestscores.59SentenceFundamentalsSentencesstrippedtotheirbasicpatternsgiveusonlyaminimumofinformation,buttheyprovidethe skeleton for more fully developed sentences.By using variou
9、s devices,a sentence may be fullydeveloped.Forexample,theS-Vsentence“Bedbugsvanished”mightbeexpandedinto:Bedbugs,acommonhouseholdpestforcenturies,allbutvanishedinthe1940sand50swiththewidespreaduseofDDT.Similarly,theS-V-Osentence“Weboughtanoldhouse”canbedevelopedinto:Weboughtarun-downoldhouse,butinmy
10、mindseyeIcouldseewhatitwouldbelikewhenitwasrestored.69SentenceFundamentals9.2 9.2 Categories of sentencesCategories of sentencesSentencescanbeclassifiedaccordingtodifferentcriteria,grammaticallyorrhetorically.Grammaticalclassificationgroupssentencesbasedontheirstructure,orhowmanyandwhattypesofindepe
11、ndentstatementstheycontain.Rhetoricalclassificationgroupsthembasedonwherethemainideaisinthesentence.Understandingthedifferentwaysofclassificationcanhelpusanalyzeandevaluatethesentencesaswewriteandrevise.9.2.1 Grammatical types of sentencesThesimplesentenceGrammatically,sentencescanbedividedintofourt
12、ypes:thesimplesentence,thecompoundsentence,thecomplexsentence,andthecompound-complexsentence.Asimplesentenceisonewithonlyoneindependentclause(alsoknownasamainclause).Ithasasinglesubject-verbcombination.a.Hehastraveledextensively.b.Thecustomsofmarriagemayvaryfromculturetoculture.79SentenceFundamental
13、sMostsimplesentencesarerathershortandeasytounderstand,butasimplesentenceisnotequaltoashortone.Asentenceisclassifiedassimpleevenwhenithasacompoundsubjectorpredicate(orboth)andincludesmodifyingwordsandphrases.Inthiscase,itmightbelonganddifficult.c.TheMadridtrainbombingskilled191peopleoneofthemostdevas
14、tatingterroristattacksevercarriedoutinEurope.d.TheUnitedStateshaslonghadareputationasapioneerintechnology,fromincandescentlights,sewingmachinesandcottonginstotelephones,televisionequipment,computers,airplanesandspaceships.Thesesentences,thoughtheyarelong,aresimplesentences,becausethereexistsjustonei
15、ndependentclause.Itistheappositive(oneofthemostdevastatingterroristattacksevercarriedoutinEurope)in sentence c and the prepositional phrase(from incandescent lights,sewing machines andcottonginstotelephones,televisionequipment,computers,airplanesandspaceships)insentencedthatmakethemcomplicated.89Sen
16、tenceFundamentalsThecompoundsentenceAcompoundsentenceisonewithtwoormoresimplesentenceslinkedtogetherbyacoordinatingconnective(and,but,or,for,so,nor,yet)orthesemi-colon,orthecolonoccasionally.e.Thesicknessusuallylastsfourtosevendays,andmostpeoplerecoverwithouttreatment.f.Theymaytakeourlives,buttheywi
17、llnevertakeourfreedom.g.Parentsshouldntbetoolenientwiththeirchildrenorelsetheywillbespoiled.h.Commercialsdogiveusimportantinformationaboutproducts;however,someofthemaremerelymisleading.Thestructureofacompoundsentencesendscertainmessagestoreaders.First,ittellsreadersthatthesentencecontainstworelative
18、lyimportantideas,eachonedeservingitsownindependentclause.Second,ittellsreadersthatthesetwoideasareapproximatelyequalinimportance,sincetheyarebalancedasapair.Andthird,italertsreaderstotherelationshipbetweenthetwoideas,dependingontheconnector.Forexample,andsuggeststhatthetwoideasarebeingaddedtogether,
19、butindicatesthattheyarebeingcontrasted,andortellsusthattheyarealternatives.Asemicolonsuggestsbalancebetweentwosimilarorsharplycontrastingstatements.99SentenceFundamentalsThecomplesentenceAcomplexsentenceconsistsofonesimplesentence,whichisanindependentormainclause,andatleastonedependentorsubordinatec
20、lause.Subordinatingconjunctions,suchaswhen,after,as,because,if,since,although,etc.,aswellasrelativepronounslikethat,which,who,etc.,canintroducesubordinateclauses.Forexample,i.Althoughmanyconsumersnowbookflightsonline,somestillusetravelagents.Inthissentence,theclausealthoughmanyconsumersnowbookflight
21、sonlineisadependentclause because it is preceded by the word when,which is a subordinating conjunction.Dependentclauses are not complete sentences;they cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.Dependentclausesmustbeattachedtoindependentclausesinordertoformacompletesentence.Inthecomplexsentenceabove
22、,somestillusetravelagentsistheindependentclause.Whatfollowsaremoreexamples:j.Mr.Jobswasperhapsthemostbelovedbillionairetheworldhaseverknown.109SentenceFundamentalsk.It is now commonly accepted that social networks are an essential tool to reach wideaudiences.l.Whendroughtfollowedlastyearsmassiveswar
23、moflocusts,thepeoplewerepushedbeyondthebrink.m.Thischallengedthelong-heldbeliefthattherewasnolifeindeeperpartsofthesea.Acomplexsentenceisusedwhenwewanttoemphasizeoneideaoveranotherinasentence.The emphasized idea is expressed as a complete thought in the independent clause,and the lessimportantideais
24、expressedinthedependentclause.However,eitherclausemaycomefirst.Whenthedependentclausecomesfirst,itisalwaysfollowedbyacomma.Thecompound-complesentenceThe compound-complex sentence is so named because it shares the characteristics of bothcompoundandcomplexsentences.Likethecompoundsentence,thecompound-
25、complexhastwomainclauses.Like the complex sentence,it has at least one subordinate clause.Compound-complexsentencesallowwriterstopresentmoreintricaterelationshipsthandootherkindsofsentences.119SentenceFundamentalsn.ThepowerfailurewasthelargesteverinVirginiashistory,andthegovernorwarnedthatelectricit
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 英语写作基础教程 英语 写作 基础教程 课件 Part_2