第30卷 科学论文集:物理学、化学、天文学、地质学(哈佛经典50部英文版).pdf
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1、 第第 30 卷卷 科学论文集:物理科学论文集:物理学、化学、天文学、地质学学、化学、天文学、地质学 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 30 卷 科学论文集:物理学、化学、天文学、地质学 2/346 总目录总目录 第第 1 卷卷 富兰克林自传富兰克林自传 第第 2 卷卷 柏拉图对话录:辩解篇、菲多柏拉图对话录:辩解篇、菲多篇、克利多篇篇、克利多篇 第第 3 卷卷 培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯 第第 4 卷卷 约翰米尔顿英文诗全集约翰米尔顿英文诗全集 第第 5 卷卷 爱默生文集爱默生文集 第第 6 卷卷 伯恩斯诗歌集伯恩斯诗歌集 第第
2、7 卷卷 圣奥古斯丁忏悔录圣奥古斯丁忏悔录 第第 8 卷卷 希腊戏剧希腊戏剧 第第 9 卷卷 论友谊、论老年及书信集论友谊、论老年及书信集 第第 10 卷卷 国富论国富论 第第 11 卷卷 物种起源论物种起源论 第第 12 卷卷 普卢塔克比较列传普卢塔克比较列传 第第 13 卷卷 伊尼亚德伊尼亚德 第第 14 卷卷 唐吉坷德唐吉坷德 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 30 卷 科学论文集:物理学、化学、天文学、地质学 3/346 第第 15 卷卷 天路历程天路历程 第第 16 卷卷 天方夜谭天方夜谭 第第 17 卷卷 民间传说与预言民间传说与预言 第第 18
3、 卷卷 英国现代戏剧英国现代戏剧 第第 19 卷卷 浮士德浮士德 第第 20 卷卷 神曲神曲 第第 21 卷卷 许婚的爱人许婚的爱人 第第 22 卷卷 奥德赛奥德赛 第第 23 卷卷 两年水手生涯两年水手生涯 第第 24 卷卷 伯克文集伯克文集 第第 25 卷卷 穆勒文集穆勒文集 第第 26 卷卷 欧洲大陆戏剧欧洲大陆戏剧 第第 27 卷卷 英国名家随笔英国名家随笔 第第 28 卷卷 英国与美国名家随笔英国与美国名家随笔 第第 29 卷卷 比格尔号上的旅行比格尔号上的旅行 第第 30 卷卷 科学论文集:物理学、化学、科学论文集:物理学、化学、天文学、地质学天文学、地质学 百年哈佛 50 部经典
4、 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 30 卷 科学论文集:物理学、化学、天文学、地质学 4/346 第第 31 卷卷 切利尼自传切利尼自传 第第 32 卷卷 文学和哲学名家随笔文学和哲学名家随笔 第第33卷卷 古代与现代著名航海与旅行记古代与现代著名航海与旅行记 第第 34 卷卷 法国和英国著名哲学家法国和英国著名哲学家 第第 35 卷卷 见闻与传奇见闻与传奇 第第 36 卷卷 君王论君王论 第第 37 卷卷 17、18 世纪英国著名哲学家世纪英国著名哲学家 第第 38 卷卷 物理学、医学、外科学和地质物理学、医学、外科学和地质学学 第第 39 卷卷 著名之前言和序言著名之前言和序
5、言 第第 40 卷卷 英文诗集(卷)从乔叟到格英文诗集(卷)从乔叟到格雷雷 第第 41 卷卷 英文诗集(卷)从科林斯到英文诗集(卷)从科林斯到费兹杰拉德费兹杰拉德 第第 42 卷卷 英文诗集(卷)从丁尼生到英文诗集(卷)从丁尼生到惠特曼惠特曼 第第 43 卷卷 10001904 第第 44 卷卷 圣书圣书(卷一卷一):孔子孔子 希伯来书希伯来书 基基百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 30 卷 科学论文集:物理学、化学、天文学、地质学 5/346 督圣经督圣经()第第 45 卷卷 圣书圣书(卷二卷二)基督圣经基督圣经()第第 46 卷卷 伊丽莎白时期戏剧(卷)
6、伊丽莎白时期戏剧(卷)第第 47 卷卷 伊丽莎白时期戏剧(卷)伊丽莎白时期戏剧(卷)第第 48 卷卷 帕斯卡文集帕斯卡文集 第第 49 卷卷 史诗与传说史诗与传说 第第 50 卷卷 哈佛经典讲座哈佛经典讲座 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 30 卷 科学论文集:物理学、化学、天文学、地质学 6/346 第第 30 卷卷 科学论文集:物理学、化学、天科学论文集:物理学、化学、天文学、地质学文学、地质学 THE FORCES OF MATTER INTRODUCTORY NOTE MICHAEL FARADAY was the son of a blacksm
7、ith,and was born at Newington Butts,near London,September 22,1791.He began life as an errand boy to a bookbinder and stationer,to whom he was later bound apprentice.After eight years in this business,he was engaged by Sir Humphry Davy as his laboratory assistant at the Royal Institution,and in 1813-
8、15 he traveled extensively on the Continent with his master,and saw some of the most famous scientists of Europe.Shortly after his return to the Royal Institution,he began to make contributions of his own to science,his first paper appearing in 1816.He became director of the laboratory in 1825,and p
9、rofessor of chemistry in 1833;rising rapidly,through the number and importance of his discoveries,to a most distinguished position.But he was working at too great pressure,and in 1841 his health gave way,so that for some three years he could not work at all.He recovered,however,and made some of his
10、most important discoveries after this interruption;and was offered,but declined,the presidency of both the Royal Society and the Royal Institution.He died August 25,1867.It was characteristic of Faradays devotion to the enlargement of the bounds of human knowledge that on his discovery of magneto-el
11、ectricity he abandoned the commercial work by which he had added to his small salary,in order to reserve all his energies for research.This financial loss was in part made up later by a pension of 300 a year from the British Government.Faradays parents were members of the obscure religious 百年哈佛 50 部
12、经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 30 卷 科学论文集:物理学、化学、天文学、地质学 7/346 denomination of the Sandemanians,and Faraday himself,shortly after his marriage,at the age of thirty,joined the same sect,to which he adhered till his death.Religion and science he kept strictly apart,believing that the data of science were o
13、f an entirely different nature from the direct communications between God and the soul on which his religious faith was based.The discoveries made by Faraday were so numerous,and often demand so detailed a knowledge of chemistry and physics before they can be understood,that it is impossible to atte
14、mpt to describe or even enumerate them here.Among the most important are the discovery of magneto-electric induction,of the law of electro-chemical decomposition,of the magnetization of light,and of diamagnetism.Round each of these are grouped numbers of derivative but still highly important additio
15、ns to scientific knowledge,and together they form so vast an achievement as to lead his successor,Tyndall,to say,“Taking him for all and all,I think it will be conceded that Michael Faraday was the greatest experimental philosopher the world has ever seen;and I will add the opinion,that the progress
16、 of future research will tend,not to dim or to diminish,but to enhance and glorify the labours of this mighty investigator.”In spite of the highly technical nature of his work in research,Faraday was remarkably gifted as an expounder of science to popular audiences;and his lectures at the Royal Inst
17、itution,especially those to younger audiences,were justly famous.The following example is a classic in the department of clear and fascinating scientific exposition.THE FORCES OF MATTER BY MICHAEL FARADAY LECTURE I THE FORCE OF GRAVITAION IT grieves me much to think that I may have been a cause of d
18、isturbance to your Christmas arrangements,for nothing is more 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 30 卷 科学论文集:物理学、化学、天文学、地质学 8/346 satisfactory to my mind than to perform what I undertake;but such things are not always left to our own power,and we must submit to circumstances as they are appointed.I w
19、ill to-day do my best,and will ask you to bear with me if I am unable to give more than a few words;and,as a substitute,I will endeavor to make the illustrations of the sense I try to express as full as possible;and if we find by the end of this lecture that we may be justified in continuing them,th
20、inking that next week our power shall be greater,why then,with submission to you,we will take such course as you may think fit,either to go on or discontinue them;and although I now feel much weakened by the pressure of the illness(a mere cold)upon me,both in facility of expression and clearness of
21、thought,I shall here claim,as I always have done on these occasions,the right of addressing myself to the younger members of the audience;and for this purpose,therefore,unfitted as it may seem for an elderly,infirm man to do so,I will return to second childhood,and become as it were,young again amon
22、g the young.Let us now consider,for a little while,how wonderfully we stand upon this world.Here it is we are born,bred,and live,and yet we view these things with an almost entire absence of wonder to ourselves respecting the way in which all this happens.So small,indeed,is our wonder,that we are ne
23、ver taken by surprise;and I do think that,to a young person of ten,fifteen,or twenty years of age,perhaps the first sight of a cataract or a mountain would occasion him more surprise than he had ever felt concerning the means of his own existence;how he came here;how he lives;by what means he stands
24、 upright;and through what means he moves about from place to place.Hence,we come into this world,we live,and depart from it,without our thoughts being called specifically to consider how all this takes place;and were it not for the exertions of some few inquiring minds,who have looked into these thi
25、ngs,and ascertained the very beautiful laws and conditions by which we do live and stand upon 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 30 卷 科学论文集:物理学、化学、天文学、地质学 9/346 the earth,we should hardly be aware that there was any thing wonderful in it.These inquiries,which have occupied philosophers from the earl
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