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1、目录第1章语言,语言学习和语言教学1.1复习笔记1.2课后习题详解第2章第一语言习得2.1复习笔记2.2课后习题详解第3章第一语言习得与第二语言习得对比3.1复习笔记3.2课后习题详解第4章人类学习4.1复习笔记4.2课后习题详解第5章学习方式和策略5.1复习笔记5.2课后习题详解第6章人格因素6.1复习笔记6.2课后习题详解第7章社会文化因素7.1复习笔记7.2课后习题详解第8章对比分析、中介语和错误分析8.1复习笔记8.2课后习题详解第9章交际能力9.1复习笔记9.2课后习题详解第10章语言测试10.1复习笔记10.2课后习题详解第11章第二语言习得理论11.1复习笔记11.2课后习题详解
2、第1章语言,语言学习和语言教学1.1复习笔记本章要点:1. The definition of language 语言的定义2. The Grammar Translation Method 语法翻译法本章考点:1. 语言的定义;2. 学习和教学的定义;3. 课堂教学:语法翻译法。本章内容索引:. Language. Learning and teaching1. Learning2. Teaching. The Grammar Translation Method. Language(语言的定义)A consolidation of the definitions of language y
3、ields the following compositedefinitions.1. Language is systematic and generative.2. Language is a set of arbitrary symbols.3. Those symbols are primarily vocal, but may also be visual.4. The symbols have conventionalized meanings to which they refer.5. Language is used for communication.6. Language
4、 operates in a speech community or culture.7. Language is essentially human, although possibly not limited to humans.8. Language is acquired by all people in much the same way-language andlanguage learning both have universal characteristics.语言的定义可以从以下8个方面来理解:1. 语言是系统的、生成的;2. 语言是一套任意的符号;3. 这些符号主要是声音
5、的,但也可能是视觉的;4. 符号有特定的含义;5. 语言用于交际;6. 语言在语言社区或文化中起作用;7. 语言从根本上来说是人类语言,尽管语言可能不只限于人类世界;8. 人们学习语言的方式大体相似,语言和语言学习具有普遍特征。. Learning and teaching(学习和教学的定义)1. Learning(学习)Breaking down the components of the definition of learning, we can extractdomains of research and inquiry:(1) Learning is acquisition or “
6、getting”.(2) Learning is retention of information or skill.(3) Retention implies storage systems, memory, cognitive organization.(4) Learning involves active, conscious focus on and acting upon eventsoutside or inside the organism.(5) Learning is relatively permanent but subject to forgetting.(6) Le
7、arning involves some form of practice, perhaps reinforced practice.(7) Learning is a change in behavior.学习的定义可以从以下7个方面来理解:(1)学习是习得或“获得”;(2)学习是保留信息或技巧;(3)保留需要存储系统,记忆力,认知结构;(4)学习包括对有机体的内外事件做出主动的、有意识的关注,并对其做出反应;(5)学习相对持久,但会遗忘;(6)学习涉及某些形式的练习,也许是强化练习;(7)学习是行为的改变。2. Teaching(教学)A theory of instruction sho
8、uld specify the following features:(1) The experiences which most effectively implant in the individual apredisposition toward learning.(2) The ways in which a body of knowledge should be structured so that itcan be most readily grasped by the learner.(3) The most effective sequences in which to pre
9、sent the materials to belearned.(4) The nature and pacing of rewards and punishments in the process oflearning and teaching.教学的定义应该包含以下4个方面:(1)在个体学习的倾向中最有效收获的经验;(2)将一定量的知识以学习者最容易理解的方式进行组织;(3)呈现学习材料的最有效的顺序;(4)学习和教学过程中的奖惩的本质和频率。. The Grammar Translation Method(语法翻译法)The major characteristics of Gramma
10、r Translation:1. Classes are taught in the mother tongue, with little active use of the targetlanguage.2. Much vocabulary is taught in the form of lists of isolated words.3. Long elaborate explanations of the intricacies of grammar are given.4. Grammar provides the rules for putting words together,
11、and instructionoften focuses on the form and inflection of words.5. Reading of difficult classical texts is begun early.6. Little attention is paid to the content of texts, which are treated as exercisesin grammatical analysis.7. Often the only drills are exercises in translating disconnected senten
12、cesfrom the target language into the mother tongue.8. Little or no attention is given to pronunciation.语法翻译法的主要特征:1. 课堂用母语教学,很少主动使用目标语;2. 许多词汇以孤立的单词表的形式来教授;3. 语法解释详细;4. 语法提供了词语结合的规则,教学常常关注词语的形式和曲折变化;5. 早期阶段就开始阅读难度大的经典文章;6. 很少注意文章的内容,文章只用做于语法分析的练习;7. 翻译练习通常只注重将独立的句子从目标语翻译成母语;8. 几乎不关注发音。1.2课后习题详解Topic
13、s and Questions for Study and Discussion1. In the first part of the chapter a number of “who, what .” questions wereposed. What other possible questions occur to you? Attempt some tentativeanswers to at least a few of the questions, and write them down for referral asyou progress through the chapter
14、s of this book.Key: There are at least four questions that occur to me. They are listed asfollows, and two of them are given answers.1) Question: What are the ages of the learners? Answer: They may bechildren from 5 to 11 years old, or they may be adults who are in theirthirties.2) Question: What ki
15、nd of textbook do the learners and the teacher use?Answer: They can use the usual textbook in school, but they can also usematerials prepared by the teacher.3) Question: What kind of motivation do the learners have in learning thelanguage?4) Question: What are the sizes of the classes they are in?2.
16、 Look at the definitions of language on page 4. How are they different fromeach other? Why are there differences in such definitions? What assumptions更多各类考试资料 v:344647 公众号:顺通考试资料 or biases do they reflect on the part of the writer?Key: The definitions of language on page 4 differ mainly in two ways.
17、 One isthat they differ in defining the characteristics of language. The other is thatthey differ in defining the use of language.There are differences in such definitions, because the writers look at languagefrom different perspectives.These definitions reflect some assumptions or biases of the wri
18、ter. Forexample, Wardhaugh defines language as “a system of arbitrary vocalsymbols used for human communication”. This definition reflects twoassumptions. One is that “Language is a set of arbitrary symbols” and theother is that “Language is used for communication”.3. Write your own “twenty-five-wor
19、d-or-less” definitions of language,learning, and teaching. What would you add to or delete from the definitiongiven in this chapter? Save your definitions and when you finish the bookdetermine if you would revise those definitions in any way.Key: My definitions of language, learning, and teaching ar
20、e as follows.Language is “a generative universal system of arbitrary vocal symbols usedfor communication in a speech community”.Learning is “the active acquisition of knowledge which involves cognitiveprocesses”.Teaching is “the effective way of imparting knowledge”.These definitions are simpler tha
21、n the definitions given in this chapter. Idelete “Language is essentially human” and “Language is acquired by allpeople in much the same way” from the definition given in this chapter.4. Look up some abstract words in a dictionary. Try words like love, good,evil, emotion, peace, and other such terms
22、, in what way might thosedefinitions fall short of being adequate? Do they reveal certain theoreticalbiases on the part of the definer?Key: I looked up abstract words like “Love” in Collins Dictionary online.Collins Dictionary online defines “Love” as:1) “the feeling that a persons happiness is very
23、 important to you, and theway you show this feeling in your behaviour toward them”, for example,parents love for their children;2) “a very strong feeling of affection toward someone who you areromantically or sexually attracted to”, for example, an old-fashioned lovestory;3) “a strong liking for som
24、ething, or a belief that it is important”, forexample, a love of literature.These definitions may not be adequate when describing peoples love fortheir country.However, I do not see any certain theoretical biases on the part of the definer.5. What kind of teaching emphases would emerge in the second
25、 languageclassroom by keying the exclusive importance of any one of the eightsubfields of linguistics listed on pages 5-6? Take several subfields anddiscuss the type of approach to second language teaching that might emerge.Key: “Phonetics” and “communication systems” are two of the eightsubfields o
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