《专业英语》课件Unit1.pptx
《《专业英语》课件Unit1.pptx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《《专业英语》课件Unit1.pptx(11页珍藏版)》请在文库网上搜索。
1、Unit1ArchitectureTextArchitecture is both the process and product of planning,designing and construction.Architectural works,in the material form of buildings,are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art.In relation to buildings,architecture has to do with the planning,designing and c
2、onstructing form,space and ambience that reflect functional,technical,social,environmental,and aesthetic considerations.It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of material,technology,light and shadow.Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and struct
3、ures,including scheduling,cost estimating and construction administration1.As documentation produced by architects,typically drawings,plans and technical specifications,architecture defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or any other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.
4、In many ancient civilizations,such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia,architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural,and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler,the rul
5、ing elite,or the state itself.The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged.Architectural style developed in the form of the Classical orders.TextThe archit
6、ecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe;Buddhist,Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics.Buddhist architecture,in particular,showed great regional diversity.In many Asian countries a pantheistic religion led to architectural for
7、ms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE,incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium,but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society.Examples can be found t
8、hroughout the Middle East,North Africa,Spain and the Indian Sub-continent.The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.In Europe,in both the Classical and Medieval periods,buildings were not often attributed to specific individuals and
9、the names of architects remain frequently unknown,despite the vast scaleof the many religious buildings extant from this period.During the Medieval period guilds were formed by craftsmen to organize their trade and written contracts have survived,particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings.
10、The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason,or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.TextWith the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology,architecture and engineering began to separate,and the ar
11、chitect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects,often at the expense of technical aspects of building design2.There was also the rise of the gentleman architect who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historic
12、al prototypes,typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles.Formal architectural training in the 19th century,for example at Ecole des Beaux Arts in France,gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to
13、context and feasibility.Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects,graduating to the role from clerks.Meanwhile,the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption.Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as orname
14、nted products,once within the province of expensive craftsmanship,became cheaper under machine production.Around the turn of the 20th century,a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precurso
15、rs to Modern Architecture.Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund,formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects.TextThe rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here.Following this lead,the Bauhaus school,founded in Weimar,Germany in 1919,redefined the arch
16、itectural bounds prior set throughout history,viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesisthe apexof art,craft,and technology3.When Modern architecture was first practiced,it was an avant-garde movement with moral,philosophical,and aesthetic underpinnings.Immediately after World War
17、I,pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order,focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes.They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 专业英语 专业 英语 课件 Unit1